International Trade and finance Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Trade and finance Law - Essay Example In a number of ways, the mortgage industry also suffered, culminating in evictions, cancellations of mortgage programs in the pipeline and led to prolonged joblessness. The meltdown contributed immensely towards the closure of important corporations, decreases in buying power, and massive business losses. The ensuing chaos led to a significant slump in economy leading to recession, with lasting ramifications still being felt in Europe as evident in Euro Debt crisis. This paper critically analyses whether or not weak regulations resulted in the crisis. Many factors have been linked to the financial crisis, with differing priorities being attributed to the possible causes. There is consensus, though, that the crisis was the consequence of excessive investment in too risky, intricate financial programs1. Conflicts of interest being kept secret, the ineptitude of credit regulators, and the inability of the market to control the stock market are also other contributing factors linked to t he crisis. It is notable that the 1999 amendment of the Glass-Steagall Act by the US Congress, successfully removed the thin line which separated investment and depository financial institutions in the country. As a result, it can be argued that credit regulatory bodies and investors did not provide accurate valuation of the risks that mortgage-related pecuniary products could precipitate on the global economy. Equally, governments failed to modify their regulatory regimes to handle the current neo-modern financial economy. Studies on the origin of the meltdown have also been based on the impact of interest rate. Nonetheless, immediately after the crisis erupted, governments responded by enacting palliative pecuniary policies to control the ripple-effect on different economic sectors. These elaborate self-preservation measures such as the US Dodd-Frank regulatory reforms (2010) point to the laxity of laws as the main cause of the crisis. Poor regulations Out-dated regulatory mechani sms arguably left the financial sector to virtually regulate itself, despite the main aim of business organizations being making profit. It was difficult to verify the intentions of the many citizens who had applied for excess credit in an effort to build their families a decent home. This presumed innocence of the investors has turned the heat on bankers who approved the indiscriminate borrowings2. Banking industry has been an operating under strict laws for a very long time now; but over time and due to the growth of the global economy, the financial services industry may have been operating under lax regulatory regimes that could not handle rapid economic growth and globalization of the economy. This paper will prove that weak regulations and poor policy decisions played an important role in in events that led to the crisis. Institutional policies left oversight authorities with little to do in terms of making effective responses to crises of this magnitude. Regulations are said to have aggravated the negative impacts of the bubble in the value of homes. The laws and policy decisions that arguably contributed toward the crisis will also be considered. If not, new regulatory mechan

Mgmt Organization design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mgmt Organization design - Essay Example This gives them more experience in the work, which promotes creativity and innovativeness. Organic structure is less efficient than mechanistic structure. However, organic structure has more flexibility and employees can adapt quickly with the changes. Organic structure is most appropriate in uncertain, dynamic, and changing work environments. In addition, since the organization is decentralized and using the organic model structure, mutual adjustment is also common in the organization and plays an important role in the company. Therefore, employees are allowed to use their judgment instead of standardized rules to guide decision-making. This makes it possible to inject new synergistic ideas in the process of decision-making. Moreover, integration is working well in the company. For example, if there is any trouble, the whole staff or the employees will work together to solve and coordinate this

Growth and expansion of Arcelik Home Appliances

Growth and expansion of Arcelik Home Appliances Introduction Arcelik Home Appliances is the leading manufacturer of home appliances in Turkey with a market share of 50% in the domestic market as at 2003 (Ghemawat, 2008). It supplies the market using two brands namely Arcelik and Beko. The company has adopted an international expansion strategy and has already been marketing its products to more than one hundred (100) countries mainly in Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Latin America, Asia, and North Africa (Ghemawat, 2008). Arcelik was originally founded to produce metallic office furniture in 1955 but diversified into production of household appliances shortly after. It has been hailed as the first company to introduce appliances such as washing machines and refrigerators to the Turkish households. Arcelik would face further challenges when it became apparent that the Turkish government would be participating in the European Communitys tariff reduction which was meant to reduce to zero from 1992 to 1996 (Ghemawat, 2008). The challenge would be competition from other manufactures from the European Community who would be able to sell their products at more competitive process in the domestic market. Arcelik overcame this challenge by investing heavily in research and development thereby substantially improving the quality of their products. The company is currently the leading holder of patents in the Turkish market. This strategy cemented its market leadership in the domestic market as consumers preferred to spend a little more to obtain goods whose durability could be assured. This preference was also enhanced by Turkeys fluctuating market where inflationary forces were highly unpredictable with the greater odds being to the consumers disadvantage. Arcelik would later grow to establish its market dominance in Turkey for decades but would later face challenges that would trigger its focus on international expansion to ensure its survival and growth. Arceliks motives for international expansion The focus on international expansion by Arcelik was triggered by the economic crisis that hit Turkey in 2001. This crisis had led to soaring levels of unemployment and a significant reduction of market demand by an estimated figure of 35% (Ghemawat, 2008). This strategy mainly comprised increasing exports as well as engaging in international acquisitions. The economic crisis in Turkey must have proved to Arcelik the vulnerability of firms wholly dependent on domestic markets. Pressures from business cycles, inflation, interest rates, exchange rates and political forces are prevalent in domestic markets. On the other hand, international markets tend to be better insulated from such pressures since they will rarely apply across several countries. Economic crisis in one market would normally not be prevalent in the rest of the markets hence multinationals can ensure stability by marketing their products across many countries. Arcelik had to get a way to survive the economic crisis in 20 01 and as well ensure that future company performance was stabilized by reducing its level of vulnerability to domestic market fluctuations. Arcelik also sought to focus on international expansion in order to increase its level of production and increase its economies of scale (Ghemawat, 2008). This means that with additional production, the cost of producing each unit product becomes significantly lower hence allowing a company to make higher margins per unit or allowing them to charge lower per unit without incurring any losses. Economies of scale allow a company to remain competitive in the ever-evolving economies. To ensure that the economies of scale do not end up in accumulation of dead stock, or in the escalation of warehousing and storage costs, Arcelik would need to look to markets that would be able to support its intention of increasing the economies of scale through a larger demand. The national demand within Turkey would not be able to absorb these additional products h ence the rationale behind Turkey looking to expand international trade. The level of demand for home appliances in Europe alone is about 25% of world demand (Ghemawat, 2008). Arcelic sought to tap into this huge demand to support its competitiveness and the large levels of production occasioned by their strategy of maximizing on the economies of scale. International expansion can also be explored where a company seeks to lower its production costs by having a significant proportion of their production done from regions where the cost is lower than in the domestic market. One of the major factors of production that normally influence the decision of overseas production is labour. When considering labour, it is imperative that a company weighs between the benefits of the savings from paying the lower labour cost, the differences in the productivity of the workers between the higher wage and lower wage areas, and the transport and storage cost implications. It is also worth noting that in many cases, where the labour costs are low, other factors of production such as land would also be relatively lower. The labour cost in Western Europe is estimated to be five times that in Turkey. Labor cost in Turkey is three times that in Eastern Europe (Ghemawat, 2008). In China, it is four times lower than in Turkey. Labor productivity also varies and must be taken into account. For instance, in China, labour productivity is just half of that in Turkey. Additional transportation costs are determined by both the distance between the production facilities and the legal environments of the countries through which the products must cross to get to its intended markets. Access to international markets is crucial to any organization that seeks to expand itself. Domestic markets will often in many cases be found insufficient to support the growth targets that the companies set for themselves. They are also in many cases unable to enable an organization to recoup the investments the y may make in research and development in time. The complexity and the level of innovations in the global market is advanced and often leads to production of new and better fulfilling products. This significantly reduces the product life cycles and the companies engaging in research and development need to gain assurance that their investments can be recouped before the products lose demand. This assurance can only be found by marketing extensively in the international markets where the demand is much larger and can ably support the level of sales needed. Arcelik was motivated to focus on international markets since it had opted to distinguish itself as a research and development specialist who focused on the production of quality and durable products. These features would mean that it would need to charge relatively higher prices for the products. On the other side, the products from other European countries were finding their way into Turkey due to the zero tariff arrangement with the European countries. The entry of other products in Turkey meant that Arcelik would either have to lower their prices in order to maintain its domestic share market, or expand its operations to European and other markets in order to maintain or increase its level of sales to clients that focus more on quality, suitability and durability of the products they purchase. Arceliks options for expansion In order to realize its goal of expansion into the international markets, Arcelik has adopted a number of options to help them realize this goal. The international market entry options adopted by Arcelik include use of exports, international acquisitions, use of private label contracting, and product diversification. Organic domestic growth and use of exports Arcelik ensured growth domestically by ensuring reliable accessibility to the market using exclusive distributors and agencies who also served as centres for offering after sales services. This exclusive network also served as an entry barrier for any new market operators. Exporting entails maintaining the companys operations in the home market and selling the products in overseas markets (Giroud, Sinkovics, and Yamin, 2011). It is hailed as the least costly mode of foreign market entry but at the same time the most vulnerable to various entry barriers as government regulations. The cost effectiveness of this entry method is enhanced by the fact that it requires no involvement with the foreign governments or the companies operating in the target market. It is often seen as the best mode of entry for an organization operating on a lower scale. With subsequent growth of exports, the company may open sales agencies in the foreign markets to be the link with the companys clients overseas. By 2003, Arcelik had grown to be the leading player in Estonia and Lithuania with a market share of 25% in these two markets. It also had a commanding presence in the rest of Eastern Europe. The presence of Arceliks sales agencies helped grow significantly in Western Euro pe with a markets share of 15% in the United Kingdom. Arcelik also conducted a successful export strategy gaining a 70% market share in Romania with its Beko brand. The net effect of these exporting strategies was a significant increase in Arcetiks production capacity from 440,000 to 750,000 in 2003 and 2004 respectively (Ghemawat, 2008). International acquisitions This mode involves a company buying out another firm operating in the target market hence assuming full legal rights over it. This method is hailed as the best mode of expansion into other markets since it grants a company total control over the foreign subsidiary as well as full profits generated thereafter (Giroud, Sinkovics, and Yamin, 2011). The full control over the activities of a subsidiary is viewed as essential in ensuring they run in accordance with the philosophies of the parent company hence ensure the goals of the company are achieved as intended. The targets for acquisition would need to have the unquestionable ability to complement Arceliks growth strategies. Arcelik would also evaluate the foreign firms brands and take consideration on how these brands would help strengthen them as well as complement their capabilities. The target subsidiarys contribution to sustainable growth was also a key factor. Arceliks acquisitions in 2002 include Bloomberg, Electra, and Flavel and Leisure in Germany, Austria and the UK for the two latter brands (Ghemawat, 2008). They also acquired Arctic in Romania. The acquisitions of brands in the target markets was likely informed by the fact that many consumers tend to prefer purchasing brands that they can identify with: the brands they consider national brands. These acquisitions tremendously increased the product range offered by Arcelik and lead to its significant growth within the European markets. Use of license contracting Licensing involves the company transferring certain rights to another firm to enable it manufacture products using its brand. In licensing, the consideration that the licensor gets is only the royalty or the license fee (Giroud, Sinkovics, and Yamin, 2011). It does not take part in profit sharing or any other marketing processes of the licensee. Licensing offers the advantage of enabling a firm to avoid government regulations and other restrictive policies such as tariffs and quotas. It also enables market penetration without involving extensive capital expenditures. However, this method is highly restrictive in the level of control the company can have over the activities of the licensee. There is also the risk of the licensee gaining the technical expertise and becoming a competitor in the production of close substitutes after the expiry of the mutual arrangement. Arceliks production in 2004 comprised 40% from various licensing arrangements (Ghemawat, 2008). This complimentary effo rt helped ensure Arceliks brand presence in the Europeans markets. Diversification into other businesses within Turkey In order to enhance further growth in the domestic market, Arcelik sought to capitalize on its elaborate distribution network to provide consumers with additional products. By 2004, Arcelik was offered various types cellular phones and was already getting into arrangement with various Japanese firms to act as distributors of various electronic products. The diversification proved to be a great success and further cemented Arceliks leadership in the Turkish market. Additional Options for Expansion Arceliks ambitious goal of achieving revenues of three billion Euros in the next year may be difficult to realize unless additional methods were employed to ensure its continued growth in the international markets. Domestically, Arcelik could opt to but out local competitors in a bid to solidify its hold on the local market. This solidification would help reduce the downward pressure on its product prices by reducing the significance of competition locally. In addition, the additional channels of distribution gained through any such acquisition would act as an entry barrier to any foreign firms hence ensuring steady domestic growth. Internationally, Arcelik could embrace a number of methods to ensure its continued growth. These methods include engaging in Joint ventures, franchising and use of strategic alliances. Joint Ventures Joint ventures involve the formation of a partnership arrangement with a different company where the parent companies provide the resources to operate it, share responsibility on management, and share profits realized thereafter (Giroud, Sinkovics, and Yamin, 2011). This type of venture is especially popular where it comes to sharing the intelligence and technical knowhow required for research and development. With their determination to distinguish themselves as the masters of innovation and product development, this method can be used to ensure its rapid growth. Instead of engaging in competition with the already existing companies in the foreign market, Arcelik could identify a strategic partner who knows the market remarkably well. They could then research into the market needs in a bid to try and unveil any unsatisfied demands in the market. Having found the features lacking in the products found in the market, they could, through the joint venture develop new products that woul d suit this need and capture the unreached market. This method would be convenient to Arcelik since it would not involve many unnecessary government regulations that normally bar entry. In addition, such a venture, if well implemented would easily capture the market as it would be riding on the goodwill and distribution network of the strategic partner in the foreign market. Franchising Arcelik needs to consider franchising in order to minimize the risks involved with the licensing as it currently practices. Here, Arcelik would transfer some rights to the franchisee to produce the products under its brand but will reserve the right to provide some aspects of technical support (Giroud, Sinkovics, and Yamin, 2011). This way, Arcelik will be able to be abreast with the activities of the franchisee. In addition, in Franchising, the royalty is based on the amount of sales hence Arcelik will be able to generate higher revenues in the event the franchisor is able to realize significantly higher sales. Franchising is easy to start since the franchisor incurs minimal capital cost hence Arcelik can expand into more foreign markets with relative ease. Moreover, the franchisee assumes all the risks and foots for all costs of labour and facility establishment. The company will also be able to avoid any political risks associated with foreigners operating in national markets. Arc elik can therefore easily expand its scale of production without worrying about high capital expenditure hence edging closer to achieving the revenue targets Strategic alliances A strategic alliance differs from joint ventures in that it does not necessarily involve formation of a legal entity. Strategic alliances are formed to enable companies use each others distribution networks, technologies, production capacities, management experience and others (Giroud, Sinkovics, and Yamin, 2011). One very essential factor in ensuring product penetration in the market is the distribution network. This has been evident in the manner in which Arcelik has been able to capture the domestic market by using effective distribution networks in Turkey. Arcelik should also try to replicate this experience in the foreign markets. However, by virtue of the fact that its a foreign market, they may not have the resources to establish an effective distribution network in those markets. It would therefore be relatively more convenient to identify foreign companies with a distribution network that serves their target customers effectively, and then enter into a strategic alliance wit h them. This may be companies offering similar products or those making completely different products. When the products are easily available to the consumers, they more likely to buy these products and this would lead to an increase in the amount of sales realized by Arcelik. The strategic alliance could also involve sharing of certain technologies between the companies in question. Arcelik could choose to leave the production of a certain product components to a company with a comparative advantage in its production in exchange for providing a component which it can produce more efficiently. This exchange could lead to lowering the production cost which would be useful in helping the company become more price-competitive in the market. Conclusion Arceliks growth is mainly dependent on how the company can enter and prosper in the international markets. This is because it is already commanding the domestic market in Turkey and may have limited growth opportunities locally. Growth and diversification are often related as is evident from Arceliks company history. Arcelik has grown in the past by steadily improving on the product range that it offers to the market and this diversification should be continued to ensure continued growth.

Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin In The Sun :: essays research papers

One of the first ideas mentioned in this play, A Raisin In the Sun, is about money. The Younger's end up with no money because of Walter's obsession with it. When Walter decides not to take the extra money he is offered it helps prove Hansberry's theme. Her theme is that money can't buy happiness. This can be seen in Walter's actions throughout the play. While Mama is talking to Walter, she asks him why he always talks about money. "Mama: Oh--So now it's life. Money is life. Once upon a time freedom used to be life--now it's money. I guess the world really do change . . . Walter: No--it was always money, Mama. We just didn't know about it." Walter thinks that the world revolves around money. He wants to believe that if his family were rich they would have perfect lives. This isn't true though, and Mama knows it. She knows that no matter how much money Walter has, he will never be happy unless he has a family that loves him. Before Walter goes out to invest in the liquor store he has a talk with his son. "Walter: You wouldn't understand yet, son, but your daddy's gonna make a transaction . . . a business transaction that's going to change our lives. . . ." Walter thinks that this transaction will make their lives better. What he doesn't realize is that he already has a good life and he doesn't need more money to ma ke him happy. He should be grateful for what he has instead of worrying about money. Mama talks to Walter about her fears of the family falling apart. This is the reason she bought the house and she wants him to understand. Walter doesn't understand and gets angry. "What you need me to say you done right for? You the head of this family. You run our lives like you want to. It was your money and you did what you wanted with it. So what you need for me to say it was all right for? So you butchered up a dream of mine - you - who always talking 'bout your children's dreams..." Walter is so obsessive over money that he yells at his mom for not giving him all of it. He doesn't know that what his mom is doing is for the family. He thinks that having money will make the family happy, when in reality the family doesn't need anymore than what they have to be happy.

British Parliamentary

British parliamentary The British Parliamentary Debate Format Robert Trapp, Willamette University Yang Ge, Dalian Nationalities University A debate format consists of a description of the teams in the debate and the order and times for the speeches that make up that debate. The British Parliamentary debate format[1] differs from many other formats because it involves four teams rather than two.Two teams, called the â€Å"First Proposition† and the â€Å"Second Proposition† teams, are charged with the responsibility of supporting the proposition while two other teams, â€Å"First Opposition† and â€Å"Second Opposition,† are charged with opposing it. Two speakers represent each of the four teams and each speaker gives a speech of seven minutes. The following chart describes the basic format and time limits. As you will see from the chart, each speaker is given a unique title. British Parliamentary Debate Format Speaker |Time | |Prime Minister |7 minutes | | 1st speaker for 1st proposition: | | |Leader of Opposition |7 minutes | |1st speaker for 1st opposition: | | |Deputy Prime Minister |7 minutes | |2nd speaker for 1st proposition: | | |Deputy Leader of Opposition |7 minutes | |2nd speaker for 1st opposition: | | |Member of Government |7 minutes | |1st speaker for 2nd proposition: | | |Member of Opposition |7 minutes | |1st speaker for 2nd opposition: | | |Government Whip |7 inutes | |2nd speaker for 2nd proposition: | | |Opposition Whip |7 minutes | |2nd speaker for 2nd opposition: | | As can be seen from the table above, the first four speeches are delivered by the First Proposition and the First Opposition teams then the last four speeches are delivered by the Second Proposition and Second Opposition teams. Therefore, the First Proposition and First Opposition teams generally are responsible for the first half of the debate and the Second Proposition and Second Opposition teams have the responsibility for the second half.The table above describes all of the formal speeches but it does not describe one of the most important and dynamic parts of the debate: points of information. Points of information provide opportunities for members of each team to interact with members of the teams defending the opposite side of the motion[2]. Points of information can be requested after the first minute of a speech and prior to the last minute of the speech. The first and last minute of each speech is â€Å"protected† against interruption. The point of information can last no more than fifteen seconds and may take the form of a question, a statement, or an argument. Only a debater defending the opposite side of the proposition as the speaker can request a point of information.In other words, the debaters for the proposition can request points of information of members of the opposition teams and vice versa. To request a point of information, a debater rises and politely says something like â€Å"point of information please,† or â€Å"on that point. † The debater giving the speech has the authority to accept or to refuse the request for a point of information. In general, debaters should accept a minimum of two points during their speech so that the judges and the audience will know they are able to answer points quickly and directly. Accepting more than one or two points is not advisable because to do so may have the effect of disrupting the speech.To refuse a point of information, the debater may say something like â€Å"No thank you† or â€Å"not at this time,† or may simply use a hand gesture to indicate the person should take return to their seat. If the request for a point of information is accepted, the person who has requested the point has a maximum of fifteen seconds to make the point. As stated earlier, the point can be a question, a statement, or an argument. Sometimes points of information are made to force an opponent to clarify a position but more commo nly, they are made to attempt to undermine an argument being made by the speaker. After accepting a point of information, the speaker should answer the question directly.The person offering the point of information is not allowed to follow-up with additional questions. Points of information are among the most important and most interesting parts of British Parliamentary debate because they introduce an element of spontaneity to the debate and give each debater the chance to demonstrate critical thinking skills. Although points of information are a common occurrence in every speech in the debate, each speech contains elements that are unique to that speech. The following table explains the basic responsibilities of each speaker in British Parliamentary debate. Following the table is a fuller explanation of the responsibilities of each speech. Speaker Responsibilities for British Parliamentary Debate Speaker |Speaker Responsibilities | |Prime Minister |Defines and interprets the moti on | |1st speaker for 1st proposition: |Develops the case for the proposition | |Leader of Opposition |Accepts the definition of the motion | |1st speaker for 1st opposition: |Refutes the case of the 1st proposition | | |Constructs one or more arguments against the Prime Minister’s interpretation of the | | |motion. |Deputy Prime Minister |Refutes the case of the 1st opposition | |2nd speaker for 1st proposition: |Rebuilds the case of the 1st proposition | | |May add new arguments to the case of the 1st proposition | |Deputy Leader of Opposition 2nd speaker for 1st |Continues refutation of case of 1st proposition | |opposition: |Rebuilds arguments of the 1st opposition | | |May add new arguments to the case of the 1st opposition | |Member of Government |Defends the general direction and case of the 1st proposition | |1st speaker for 2nd proposition: |Continues refutation of 1st opposition team | | |Develops a new argument that is different from but consistent with the case o f the | | |1st proposition (sometimes called an extension). | |Member of Opposition |Defends the general direction taken by the 1st opposition. |1st speaker for 2nd opposition: |Continues general refutation of 1st proposition case | | |Provides more specific refutation of 2nd opposition | | |Provides new opposition arguments | |Government Whip |Summarizes the entire debate from the point of view of the proposition, defending the| |2nd speaker for 2nd proposition: |general view point of both proposition teams with a special eye toward the case of | | |the 2nd proposition | | |Does not provide new arguments. |Opposition Whip |Summarizes the entire debate from the point of view of the opposition, defending the | |2nd speaker for 2nd opposition: |general view point of both opposition teams with a special eye toward the case of the| | |2nd opposition | | |Does not provide new arguments. | The following sections briefly describe the speeches given by each of the eight speakers listed in the previous table. These are very brief descriptions that will be expanded in later chapters. Prime Minister The debate begins with a seven-minute speech by the Prime Minister.The Prime Minister has two basic responsibilities: to define and interpret the motion and to develop the case for the proposition. The first of these responsibilities is to define and interpret the motion for debate. The definition and interpretation is particularly important because it sets the stage for the entire debate. Remember, the Prime Minster has the right to define the motion and the responsibility to do so in a reasonable fashion. Therefore, if the Prime Minister’s interpretation is a poor one, the likely result will be a poor debate. In order to properly define and interpret the proposition, the Prime Minster should do the following: 1)Define any ambiguous terms in the proposition. )Show how these definitions are reasonable ones. 3)Outline a model that will be used by all teams in advancing the debate. More will be said about these three points in Chapter 5 on constructing a case for the proposition. The second responsibility of the Prime Minister is to construct a case for the proposition. Simply stated, a â€Å"case† consists of one or more arguments supporting the Prime Minister’s interpretation of the motion. Therefore, the Prime Minister will outline the arguments supporting the interpretation and begin to develop each of those arguments. The Prime Minister need not present all of the arguments for the First Proposition team.In many cases, the Prime Minister will state that the First Proposition team will have a certain number of arguments and that some will be presented in this speech and the Deputy Prime Minister will present the rest. Leader of the Opposition The Leader of the Opposition has three primary responsibilities: to accept the definition and interpretation of the proposition, to refute part or all of the Prime Minister’s case, an d to present one or more arguments in opposition to the Prime Minister’s interpretation of the motion. First, in most ordinary situations, the Leader of the Opposition should explicitly accept the definition and interpretation of the motion as presented by the Prime Minister.In extraordinary cases, when the definition is completely unreasonable as to preclude meaningful debate, the Leader of the Opposition has the right to reject the definition. The problem with rejecting the definition is that such an action will ultimately lead to a very bad debate and the First Opposition team likely will get the blame. Therefore, even in the event of an unreasonable definition, the Leader of the Opposition should point out to the judge and the audience that the definition and interpretation presented by the Prime Minister is unreasonable and then should go ahead and accept the definition for the purposes of the current debate.Second, the Leader of the Opposition should refute part or all of the Prime Minister’s arguments for the motion. Because of the limits of time, the Leader of Opposition cannot reasonably expect to refute all of the Prime Minister’s arguments. The proper goal is to select and refute the most important arguments presented by the Prime Minister. Finally, the Leader of the Opposition should present one, two, or three arguments directed against the Prime Minister’s interpretation of the motion. These arguments are different from those arguments offered in refutation. They should consist of the most persuasive reasons that the Leader of the Opposition can present to convince the audience to reject the proposition. Deputy Prime MinisterThe Deputy Prime Minister has three primary obligations: to defend the case presented by the Prime Minister, to refute any independent arguments presented by the Leader of the Opposition, and to add one or more arguments to the case presented by the Prime Minister. First, the Deputy Prime Minister d efends the case presented by the Prime Minister by engaging any refutation presented against the case by the Leader of the Opposition. This task needs to be accomplished in a very systematic fashion. The Deputy should take up the Prime Minister’s argument one by one and defend each argument against any refutation by the Leader of the Opposition. Thus, at the end of this section of the Deputy’s speech, the audience should see that the case originally presented by the Prime Minister still stands as strongly as it did when initially presented.Second, the Deputy Prime Minister should refute any of the independent argument presented by the Leader of the Opposition. Like the Leader of Opposition, the Deputy should not try to refute all arguments, just the most important ones. Finally, the Deputy Prime Minster should add one or two arguments to the case presented by the Prime Minister. The reasons for adding new arguments in this speech are two-fold: First, the Prime Minister may not have had adequate time to develop all of the arguments that the First Proposition team wishes to present and second, presenting these additional arguments gives the judges and audience a way to judge the ability of the Deputy Prime Minister with respect to the ability to construct arguments. Deputy Leader of the OppositionThe duties of the Deputy Leader of the Opposition are similar to those of the Deputy Prime Minister. The Deputy Leader should 1) defend the refutation offered by the Leader of Opposition, 2) defend the arguments offered by the Leader of the Opposition, and 3) add one or more new arguments to those being offered by the First Proposition team. First, the Deputy Leader should defend the refutation offered by the Leader of the Opposition. The Deputy Prime Minister will have engaged the refutation presented by the Leader of Opposition. At this time, the Deputy Leader needs to show that the original refutation is still sound. Second, the Deputy Leader should def end the arguments presented by the Leader of the Opposition.The task of the Deputy Leader is to make sure that these arguments still stand firm in the mind of the judges and audience. To do so, the Deputy leader needs to consider each argument one by one, engage any refutation offered by the Deputy Prime Minister, and therefore rebuild each argument. Third, the Deputy Leader should present one or more arguments against the proposition. These arguments can be similar to those arguments raised by the Leader of the Opposition, yet they should be new ones to give the judges and audience the ability to judge the Deputy Leader’s argument construction skills. Member of Government The Member of Government initiates the second half of the debate.The Member of Government needs to defend the general direction taken by the First Proposition team but needs to offer a new perspective from the Second Proposition team. In other words, the Member of Government needs to defend the thesis of th e First Proposition team while doing so for different reasons. The obligations of the Member of Government can be summarized as follows: 1) Defend the general perspective of the First Proposition team, 2) Continue refuting arguments made by the First Opposition team, 3) Develop one or more new arguments that are different from but consistent with the case offered by the First Proposition team. The first responsibility of the Member of the Government is to defend the general direction of the debate as started by the First Proposition team.In so doing, the Member of Government demonstrates a sense of loyalty to the other debaters defending the proposition. This part of the Member’s speech is important but need not be time consuming. One or two minutes devoted to this aspect of the speech will probably be sufficient. Second, the Member of Government should continue refuting arguments made by the First Opposition team. The Member of Government should not use the same refutation a s provided by debaters of the First Proposition team, but should introduce new points of refutation unique to the Second Government team. To the extent possible, the refutation should focus on the arguments presented by the Deputy Leader of the Proposition.Finally, the Member of Government should develop one or more arguments that are different from but consistent with the arguments offered by the Prime Minister. These new arguments sometimes are referred to as an â€Å"extension. † This extension is one of the most important elements of the Member of Government’s case as it provides an opportunity to distinguish the Second Proposition team from the First Proposition while simultaneously remaining consistent with their overall approach. Member of Opposition The Member of Opposition begins the second half of the debate for the Opposition side. Like the Second Proposition team, the goal of the Second Opposition team is to remain consistent with the First Opposition team while presenting a unique perspective of their own. To accomplish this goal, theMember of Opposition needs to fulfill three obligations: 1) Defend the general direction taken by the First Opposition team, 2) Continue the refutation of the case as presented by the First Proposition, 3) Provide more specific refutation of the arguments introduced by the Member of Government, and 4) Present one or more new arguments that are consistent with, yet different from, those presented by the First Opposition team. First, the Member of Opposition should defend the general perspective taken by the First Opposition team. This need not be a time-consuming enterprise, but the Member of Opposition should make clear that the Second Opposition team is being loyal to the arguments of the First Opposition team.Second, the Member of Opposition should briefly continue the refutation of the case presented by the First Proposition team. Again, this continued refutation should be brief and should involve new points of refutation not yet considered by members of the First Opposition team. Third, the Member of Opposition should present more specific refutation of the arguments introduced by the Member of Government. Refutation of the Member of Government’s arguments is an important task because these are completely new arguments supporting the proposition side and have not yet been joined by the opposition side. Finally, the Member of Opposition should present an extension—an argument consistent with, yet different from that presented by the First Opposition team.Like the Government’s extension, this is an important responsibility of the Member of Opposition because it allows the Second Opposition team to show its loyalty to the First Opposition team while clearly differentiating themselves form the First Opposition. Government Whip The whip speakers for both teams have the responsibility to close the debate for their respective sides. The Government Whip should acco mplish three goals: 1) Refute the extension offered by the Member of Opposition, 2) Defend the extension offered by the Member of Government, and 3) Summarize the debate from the perspective of the Proposition side. The first responsibility of the Government Whip is to refute the extension offered by the Member of Opposition. This extension has yet to be discussed by the Proposition team and doing so is an important responsibility of the Government Whip.Second, the Government Whip should defend the extension offered by the Member of Government. The Member of Government’s extension is a very important party of the Second Government’s case and in all likelihood has been refuted by the Member of Opposition. Therefore, defending this extension is an important responsibility of the Government Whip. The final, and perhaps most important responsibility of the Government Whip is to summarize the debate from the perspective of the Proposition side. The summary may be accomplish ed in a number of ways. One of the most effective ways is to identify the most crucial issues in the debate and discuss how each side has dealt with each.The summary should, of course, be made from their side’s perspective while being and appearing to be fair-minded. Similarly, the summary should be fair to the First Proposition team but should focus on the arguments pursued by the Second Proposition team. Opposition Whip The responsibilities of the Opposition Whip are almost identical to those of the Government Whip except they are accomplished from the perspective of the Opposition side rather than from the Proposition side. Again, the Opposition Whip should 1) Refute the extension offered by the Member of Government, 2) Defend the extension offered by the Member of Opposition, and 3) Summarize the debate from the perspective of the Opposition side.The details of this speech are exactly like those of the previous speech except that they focus on the Opposition side of the d ebate rather than the Proposition side. Once again, the primary goal of this speech is to summarize the debate from the perspective of the Opposition side, particularly from the point of view of the Second Opposition team. This summary should fairly support the Opposition side of the debate while focusing on the accomplishments of the Second Opposition team. Summary This then is the basic format of British Parliamentary debating: four teams of two persons each engage one another through a series of seven-minute speeches interspersed by points of information.The teams from each side attempt to maintain loyalty with one another while simultaneously demonstrating the unique qualities of their own arguments. Much has been introduced here that was not fully developed. Later chapters will further explore issues only mentioned here, issues such as case construction, opposition arguments, points of information, refutation and many others. ——————â₠¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ [1] British Parliamentary debate sometimes is referred to as Worlds-style debate or simply four-team debate. [2] The topic for the debate is called the motion, proposition, resolution, or sometimes just the debate topic. All of these words are used interchangeably.

Benito Cereno by Herman Melville

In â€Å"BÐ µnito CÐ µrÐ µno† by HÐ µrman MÐ µlvillÐ µ, thÐ µ author offÐ µrs a warning about thÐ µ dangÐ µrs of slavÐ µry, and thÐ µ futurÐ µ problÐ µms slavÐ µry could causÐ µ AmÐ µrica. By tÐ µlling thÐ µ story of a slavÐ µ rÐ µvolt on a Spanish ship, MÐ µlvillÐ µ shows how prÐ µjudicÐ µs affÐ µct a pÐ µrson’s pÐ µrcÐ µption of thÐ µ world around him. Through writing most of thÐ µ story from thÐ µ viÐ µwpoint of thÐ µ main charactÐ µr, Captain Amasa DÐ µlano of Duxbury, MassachusÐ µtts, MÐ µlvillÐ µ dÐ µmonstratÐ µs how prÐ µjudicÐ µs can limit onÐ µÃ¢â‚¬â„¢s pÐ µrspÐ µctivÐ µ and undÐ µrstanding.Although Captain DÐ µlano is an honÐ µst and kind pÐ µrson, hÐ µ cannot pÐ µrcÐ µivÐ µ thÐ µ world rÐ µalistically bÐ µcausÐ µ hÐ µ bÐ µliÐ µvÐ µs that blacks arÐ µ nothing morÐ µ than propÐ µrty. Captain DÐ µlano’s inability to rÐ µcognizÐ µ his prÐ µjudicÐ µs or to lÐ µarn from his Ð µxpÐ µrià  µncÐ µ in thÐ µ slavÐ µ rÐ µvolt makÐ µ him a symbol of what MÐ µlvillÐ µ fÐ µars will happÐ µn to AmÐ µrica. ThÐ µ story opÐ µns in thÐ µ Ð µarly morning of August 1799, off thÐ µ coast of ChilÐ µ, aboard an AmÐ µrican sÐ µaling ship callÐ µd thÐ µ BachÐ µlor’s DÐ µlight and undÐ µr thÐ µ command of Captain Amasa DÐ µlano.MÐ µlvillÐ µ dÐ µscribÐ µs DÐ µlano as a bÐ µnÐ µvolÐ µnt optimist who has a â€Å"singularly undistrustful good naturÐ µÃ¢â‚¬  and doÐ µs not likÐ µ to bÐ µliÐ µvÐ µ that man is capablÐ µ of Ð µvil. HowÐ µvÐ µr, DÐ µlano is also dÐ µscribÐ µd as a blunt thinkÐ µr and a simplÐ µ man incapablÐ µ of irony. WhilÐ µ DÐ µlano is dÐ µscribÐ µd as such a dÐ µfinitÐ µ thinking pÐ µrson, MÐ µlvillÐ µ dÐ µpicts thÐ µ morning as unclÐ µar and blurrÐ µd. ThÐ µ sÐ µa is fillÐ µd with a gray mist and thÐ µ color of thÐ µ sky, watÐ µr and birds all sÐ µÃ µm gray. Thus, thÐ µ rÐ µadÐ µr knows that thÐ µ indÐ µfinitÐ µnÐ µss of thÐ µ day and its hazinÐ µss will confusÐ µ DÐ µlano and prÐ µvÐ µnt him from sÐ µÃ µing clÐ µarly.Finally, thÐ µ prÐ µsÐ µncÐ µ of shadows adds furthÐ µr mystÐ µry to thÐ µ morning, which MÐ µlvillÐ µ says, â€Å"forÐ µshadow dÐ µÃ µpÐ µr shadows to comÐ µ. † ThÐ µ oddnÐ µss of thÐ µ day continuÐ µd whÐ µn DÐ µlano spottÐ µd a ship without a flag, which usually indicatÐ µd that it was a piratÐ µ ship. However, based upon how the ship was badly navigating the waters along the coast, Delano presumed that it was a ship in distress. As a result, he decided to take the whale boat to investigate and help those on board. While Delano advanced toward the ship, Melville gives the first hint of how Delano’s prejudices keep him from being able to perceive the world properly.As Delano rowed toward the ship, he could not grasp the fact that it was a ship he was moving toward because he saw Negroes on the deck. At t he time, Negroes usually did not walk freely on decks, but were locked in the holds as slaves. Delano made excuses and thought the ship was impossible things, such as a monastery because he thought the black figures on deck were friars dressed in black robes. His prejudices about blacks prevented him from seeing even just simple things, including ships, accurately.Upon boarding the ship, Delano found it and its crew in horrible shape. While it was a very large and one-time fine vessel, it had become a horrendous ship looking like a funeral carriage. Barnacles encrusted the hulls and rust covered its once-fine features. The ropes were woolly and not tarred, and like â€Å"mourning weeds† sea grass swept over the engraved name of the ship, San Dominick. Melville writes that Delano’s actions were an attempt to â€Å"ignore the symptoms, to get rid of the malady,† like someone trying forget about seasickness by walking around the ship.While Delano prepared to leave after his men brought back supplies, Delano invited Cereno to return with him to his ship, but Cereno refused. Delano was offended by Cereno’s rudeness and chose to leave the San Dominick as soon as possible. However, Cereno chased after Delano and then tightly held Delano’s hand until they reached the whale boat. As Delano’s whale boat started to leave, Cereno leaped into it. Delano grabbed Cereno’s throat thinking that Cereno was going to kill him. Babo also jumped into the boat, and tried to kill Cereno with a hidden dagger.Delano, thinking Babo was protecting his master, blocked Babo and put his foot on Babo’s throat. Suddenly, Delano understood what all of the events on the ship meant and the â€Å"scales dropped from his eyes† when he saw the other slaves trying to attack the whale boat. During the attack by Babo, the canvas covering the masthead at the front of the ship unwrapped revealing Alexandro Aranda’s skeleton. Delano an d Cereno escaped to the Bachelor’s Delight with Babo as a prisoner. On board the ship, Delano finally learned about the revolt.The revolt of the slaves was led by Babo and their objective was to get back to their homeland, Senegal. The slaves violently killed many of the Spanish sailors, and after killing Alexandro Aranda, they hung his skeleton at the front of the ship. The slaves used the skeleton to warn the sailors that they would â€Å"follow their leader† if the sailors did not follow orders. After Delano heard Cereno’s story, Delano offered to give his sailors part of the Spanish cargo if they gained control of the San Dominick. The sailors boarded the Spanish ship, and killed most of the slaves.After the attack, the American sailors brought the captured slaves to the Bachelor’s Delight and shackled them to the deck. During the voyage to Lima, Peru, the sailors stabbed, killed and poked some of the slaves with knives as revenge for the revolt. At t he court trial held when they arrived in Lima, Cereno testified at his deposition and explained what had occurred during the revolt. Many of the slaves were found guilty, including Babo who had never spoken again after his capture, even at his execution. Following the trial, Delano and Cereno had a final conversation together.Cereno was disappointed with Delano because he could not comprehend Cereno’s signs warning of him of danger on the ship. Delano told Cereno to forget about what happened that day because he had already forgotten about his own errors. Thus, Delano forgot and did not learn from the experience. Delano also asked Cereno what was casting a shadow on him, and Cereno replied that it was the Negro. Cereno left Lima to become a monk and died three months later. Delano’s prejudices and clouded perspective led him to misperceive the behavior of the slaves.He believed that whites were the better race and that blacks were a completely different species, like a nimals, describing the Negroes like dogs and the Negresses like cheetahs and doves. He also believed that Negroes made good servants because of their natural calm and simple and limited thinking. Thus, while Delano thought Babo was very weak and stupid because of his size and race, he believed he was a loyal servant. However, Babo was really a strong leader because he planned and led the slave revolt.Furthermore the sweet and loving Negresses were really the most vicious people on the ship because Cereno, in his deposition, said that they wanted to torture and kill all of the sailors. Even when Delano saw the slaves abuse and stab the white sailors, he believed they were actually docile because he had read a book about a tribe of docile wild Africans. Therefore, Delano’s prejudices made him unable to believe that the slaves could revolt against white sailors. Melville depicted the cycle of violence of slavery as a warning of what could happen to America if it did not change i ts beliefs.Slavery is based on violence and the belief that a certain group of people are not human because of their race. The stern-piece of the ship symbolizes the cycle of violence that causes slavery. Spain originally used this symbol to show its power over the world. It is also symbolic of the slaves when they revolted and took over the ship because they violently killed the sailors in order to hold them down. Finally, Delano completed the cycle when he captured Babo, copying the symbol in real life. Spain, a once-great power, never stopped the cycle of slavery, and by 1799, it was falling apart like the San Dominick.America, in 1799, was the new world power that Melville feared would become like Spain if it did not end slavery. Melville’s fears were correct since slavery was the main cause of the American Civil War. However, Melville’s warning about prejudice still applies even today. â€Å"Benito Cereno† is a very complex short story with a very important message about slavery. The story has many sophisticated and symbolic points. This story is recommended for people who enjoy sailing and studying about America’s views during the early 1800’s.

Free Essays on Descartes Explains It All

While I am normally opposed to tedious labor, I found that reading Descartes’ Discourse on Method much less of a chore than I had anticipated. I hesitate to say that I enjoyed it; perhaps it would be best to say that I found it interesting. I was unable to materialize a singular argument encompassing to the entire work. Although, I was able to compose three separate opinions, each pertaining to different parts of the work: there is error with his thoughts about the reason people have; Descartes shares some ground with Richelieu; and the advice Descartes offers is for a much different end than that of Machiavelli of Richelieu. I immediately find myself in opposition to Descartes as he implies that all people are endowed with the same ability of reason. Being a Darwinist myself, in that I truly believe that some individuals possess an innate advantage over others, I am unable to relate to his assertions. This is partly due to the juxtaposition of Descartes’ optimism as a result of experience and religious devotion and my own juvenile cynicism as a result of inexperience and religious ambiguity. It could be argued that Descartes addresses my opinions by referring to the different ways people apply their reason. I am skeptical that this is an adequate explanation, though. Individuals have unique ways of interpreting images: some of us have to wear glasses, some of us suffer from a form of colorblindness, while still others are completely blind. In this same way, I am sure that different people have different ways of reasoning things, but that does not mean there are those devoid of such a faculty. Those individuals, in my opinion, are those individuals engaging in chronic self-destructive behaviors (e.g.: chemical dependence, abusive relationships, crime, etc.). Descartes goes on to sound much like Richelieu in his Political Testament. Descartes insists that single individuals making laws and designing systems is much ... Free Essays on Descartes Explains It All Free Essays on Descartes Explains It All While I am normally opposed to tedious labor, I found that reading Descartes’ Discourse on Method much less of a chore than I had anticipated. I hesitate to say that I enjoyed it; perhaps it would be best to say that I found it interesting. I was unable to materialize a singular argument encompassing to the entire work. Although, I was able to compose three separate opinions, each pertaining to different parts of the work: there is error with his thoughts about the reason people have; Descartes shares some ground with Richelieu; and the advice Descartes offers is for a much different end than that of Machiavelli of Richelieu. I immediately find myself in opposition to Descartes as he implies that all people are endowed with the same ability of reason. Being a Darwinist myself, in that I truly believe that some individuals possess an innate advantage over others, I am unable to relate to his assertions. This is partly due to the juxtaposition of Descartes’ optimism as a result of experience and religious devotion and my own juvenile cynicism as a result of inexperience and religious ambiguity. It could be argued that Descartes addresses my opinions by referring to the different ways people apply their reason. I am skeptical that this is an adequate explanation, though. Individuals have unique ways of interpreting images: some of us have to wear glasses, some of us suffer from a form of colorblindness, while still others are completely blind. In this same way, I am sure that different people have different ways of reasoning things, but that does not mean there are those devoid of such a faculty. Those individuals, in my opinion, are those individuals engaging in chronic self-destructive behaviors (e.g.: chemical dependence, abusive relationships, crime, etc.). Descartes goes on to sound much like Richelieu in his Political Testament. Descartes insists that single individuals making laws and designing systems is much ...

Natural Mosquito Repellent Recipe

Natural Mosquito Repellent Recipe Its easy to make your own natural mosquito repellent. You can control exactly what goes into the product so you wont need to worry about any unwanted chemicals. Natural Mosquito Repellent Safety There are a couple of different formulations you can use for your natural mosquito repellent. In general, what you are doing is diluting an essential oil that the mosquitoes find distasteful or which confuses them so they cant find you to bite you. The oils dont mix with water, so youll need to add them to other oils or to alcohol. Its important to use an oil or alcohol that is safe for your skin. Also, dont go overboard with the essential oils. The oils are potent and could cause skin irritation or another reaction if you use too much. If you are pregnant or nursing, do not use any mosquito repellent, natural or otherwise, until after youve gotten it cleared by your physician. Natural Mosquito Repellent Ingredients If you are making large amounts of mosquito repellent, a good rule of thumb is to mix the repellent so its 5-10% essential oil. That means you should mix one part essential oil with 10-20 parts carrier oil or alcohol. For a smaller batch use: 10-25 drops (total) of essential oils2 tablespoons of a carrier oil or alcohol The essential oils that work well against mosquitoes are: cinnamon oillemon eucalyptus oilcitronella oilcastor oil Safe carrier oils and alcohols include: olive oilsunflower oilany other cooking oilwitch hazelvodka Natural Mosquito Repellent Recipe Mix the essential oil with the carrier oil or alcohol. Rub or spray the natural insect repellent onto skin or clothing, using care to avoid the sensitive eye area. Youll need to re-apply the natural product after about an hour or after swimming or exercise. Unused natural insect repellent may be stored in a dark bottle, away from heat or sunlight.

The U.S. Presidents and Their Era

The U.S. Presidents and Their Era Learning the list of U.S. presidents in order   is an elementary school activity. Most everyone remembers the most important and best presidents, as well as those that served in wartime. But many of the rest are forgotten in the fog of memory or vaguely remembered but cant be placed in the right time frame. So, quick, when was Martin Van Buren president? What happened during his tenure? Gotcha, right? Heres  a refresher course on this fifth grade subject that includes the 45 U.S. presidents as of January 2017, along with the defining issues of their eras.   U.S. Presidents 1789-1829 The earliest presidents, most of whom are considered to be Founding Fathers of the United States, are usually the easiest to remember. Streets, counties, and cities are named after all of them across the country. Washington is called the father of his country for good reason: His ragtag Revolutionary army beat the British, and that made the United States of America a country. He served as the countrys first president, guiding it through its infancy, and set the tone. Jefferson, the writer of the Declaration of Independence, expanded the country tremendously with the Louisiana Purchase. Madison, the father of the Constitution, was in the White House during the War of 1812 with the British (again), and he and wife Dolley had to famously escape the White House as it was burned by the British.  These early years saw the country carefully begin to find its way as a new nation. George Washington (1789-1797)John Adams (1797-1801)Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809)James Madison (1809-1817)James Monroe (1817-1825)John Quincy Adams (1825-1829) U.S. Presidents 1829-1869 This period of U.S. history is marked by the searing controversy of slavery in the Southern states and compromises that tried and ultimately failed to solve the problem. The Missouri Compromise of 1820, the Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 all sought to deal with this issue, which inflamed passions both North and South. These passions ultimately erupted in secession and then Civil War, which lasted from April 1861 to April 1865, a war that took the lives of 620,000 Americans, almost as many as in all other wars fought by Americans combined. Lincoln is, of course, remembered by all as the Civil War president trying to keep the Union intact, then guiding the North throughout the war and then attempting to bind up the nations wounds, as stated in his Second Inaugural Address. Also, as all Americans know, Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth just after the war ended in 1865. Andrew Jackson (1829-1837)Martin Van Buren (1837-1841)William H. Harrison (1841)John Tyler (1841-1845)James K. Polk (1841-1849)Zachary Taylor (1849-1850)Millard Fillmore (1850-1853)Franklin Pierce (1853-1857)James Buchanan (1857-1861)Abraham Lincoln (1861-1865)Andrew Johnson (1865-1869) U.S. Presidents 1869-1909 This period, which stretches from just after the Civil War until the early part of the 20th century, was marked by Reconstruction, including the three Reconstruction Amendments (13, 14 and 15), the rise of the railroads, westward expansion, and wars with Native Americans in the areas where American pioneers were settling. Events like the Chicago Fire (1871), the first run of the Kentucky Derby (1875) the Battle of Little Big Horn (1876), the Nez Perce War (1877), the opening of the Brooklyn Bridge (1883), the Wounded Knee Massacre (1890) and the Panic of 1893 define this era. Toward the end, the Gilded Age made its mark, and that was followed by the populist reforms of Theodore Roosevelt, which brought the country into the 20th century. Ulysses S. Grant (1869-1877)Rutherford B. Hayes (1877-1881)James A. Garfield (1881)Chester A. Arthur (1881-1885)Grover Cleveland (1885-1889)Benjamin Harrison (1889-1893)Grover Cleveland (1893-1897)William McKinley (1897-1901)Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909) U.S. Presidents 1909-1945 Three momentous events dominated this time period: World War I, the Great Depression of the 1930s and World War II. Between World War I and the Great Depression came the Roaring 20s, a time of immense social change and huge prosperity, which all came to a screeching halt in October 1929, with the crash of the stock market. The country then plunged into a somber decade of extremely high unemployment, the Dust Bowl on the Great Plains and many home and business foreclosures. Virtually all Americans were affected. Then in December 1941, the Japanese bombed the U.S. fleet at Pearl Harbor, and the U.S. was drawn into World War II, which had been wreaking havoc in Europe since the fall of 1939. The war caused the economy to finally turn up. But the cost was high: World War II took the lives of more than 405,000 Americans in Europe and the Pacific. Franklin D. Roosevelt was president from 1932 to April 1945, when he died in office. He steered the ship of state through two of these traumatic times and left an enduring mark domestically with New Deal legislation. William H. Taft (1909-1913)Woodrow Wilson (1913-1921)Warren G. Harding (1921-1923)Calvin Coolidge (1923-1929)Herbert Hoover (1929-1933)Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933-1945) U.S. Presidents 1945-1989 Truman took over when FDR died in office and presided over the end of World War II in Europe and the Pacific, and he made the decision to use atomic weapons on Japan to end the war. And that ushered in whats called the Atomic Age and the Cold War, which continued until 1991 and the fall of the Soviet Union. This period is defined by peace and prosperity in the 1950s, the assassination of Kennedy in 1963, civil rights protests and civil rights legislative changes, and the Vietnam War. The late 1960s were particularly contentious, with Johnson taking much of the heat over Vietnam. The 1970s brought a watershed constitutional crisis in the form of Watergate. Nixon resigned in 1974 after the House of Representatives passed three articles of impeachment against him. The Reagan years brought peace and prosperity as in the 50s, with a popular president presiding. Harry S. Truman (1945-1953)Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-1961)John F. Kennedy (1961-1963)Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969)Richard M. Nixon (1969-1974)Gerald R. Ford (1974-1977)Jimmy Carter (1977-1981)Ronald Reagan (1981-1989) U.S. Presidents 1989-2017 This most recent era of American history is marked by prosperity but also by tragedy: The attacks of Sept.11, 2001, on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon and including the lost plane in Pennsylvania took 2,996 lives and was the deadliest terrorist attack in history and the most horrific attack on the U.S. since Pearl Harbor. Terrorism and Mideast strife have dominated the period, with wars being fought in Afghanistan and Iraq soon after 9/11 and ongoing terrorism fears throughout these years. The 2008 financial crisis was the worst in the U.S. since the beginning of the Great Depression in 1929. George H. W. Bush (1989-1993)Bill Clinton (1993-2001)George W. Bush (2001-2009)Barack Obama (2009-2017)Donald Trump (2017- )

FBI Whistleblower Colleen Rowley Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

FBI Whistleblower Colleen Rowley - Essay Example In the hours after the Sept. 11attack, the FBI agents shared a joke. For days, they had made attempts to create interest in the FBI in Washington, to look into Zacharias Moussaoui, who was the 20th hijacker. They had made attempts to ask the FBI to give them the permission to search Moussaoui’s computer; they were denied. Amidst their frustration, they made the joke that the headquarters back in Washington had been working with Osama Bin Laden, as otherwise there would have been no reason for them to turn them down. This was a disturbing story that was told in a 13-page letter that was written to the director of the FBI Robert Mueller, by Colleen Rowley. The letter is documentation of the effort put by Rowley as well as the Minneapolis Chief Division Counsel, to develop an interest in Moussaoui. Coleen Rowley commenced her career with the FBI in Mississippi and later made relocation to the city of New York in the year 1984. After the 9/11 attacks, Rowley explained to the direc tor of the FBI, how the personnel had not responded to the information that had been providing on Zacharias Moussaoui. In the months that followed, Muller made the acknowledgment that the attack could have been prevented if the FBI had responded the tips that they had been given.

EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL ASSESSMENTS (Strategic Management) Essay

EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL ASSESSMENTS (Strategic Management) - Essay Example On the external assessment, aspects such as the political environment of the host nation are very important to be assessed. This is because hostile political landscape is very unforgiving to the economic progress, which can delay the breakeven point once investment has been made on the global market. Additionally, economic nationalism is another component that needs to be examined. According to Greenfield (2003), strong economic nationalism in the host nation will result in a strong affinity on the homemade products than those of the foreigners hence this will result in rejection or poor entourage to the host nation as the global market. With assessment, host nation that embrace economic nationalism should be avoided. The internal assessment, on the other hand, is also a component that needs a consideration when it comes to making inroad to the global market. The firm resource strength to make it in the global market is a key component. The strength of firm is encapsulated on a host of factors that include the economic capacity of a country, the political status, the local taxation the source of capital to make the inroads to global market and business factors. These will determine the success of making it into the global market (Benli,

Acheulean hand axes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Acheulean hand axes - Essay Example that much research has been conducted to determine the antiquity, stratigraphic context and the associated middle Pleistocene stone tools of the Narmada man. Accordingly Mccowns discoveries can be useful to the paleoanthropologists of the 21st century. In the document one the findings is from central India in Narmada and Tapti valley. The researcher anticipated to study the prehistoric archaeological problems of the Pleistocene time. He studied the region around Narmada river and the tools found indicated the presence of man. He however discovered four main problems among other the use of infer climate model by pre- historian that seemed imperfect in India. He proceeds to japan where he has a conversation with a PhD archaeological candidate who had excavated Narmada (Kennedy and Langstroth 2013:2). They excavated yeldari dam and Purna River. In Narmada MSA materials are found in the river banks. The same materials are found between mandia and jabulpur. In Kamharabna, ESA tools were found appearing on several good and hand axes. The second document was composed of typed field notes by Mrs Shrkurkin who was among the team that had worked with McCown. The document contains several discoveries made at various points during the study. In a nutshell it is a summary of the discoveries that they had made during their survey, much of the tools discovered according to this document were MSA tools. The third document composed of a letter that McCown had written to his wife while surveying mula dam, a place where LSA tools were found. Including the elephant molar teeth (Kennedy and Langstroth 2013:7). In his discussion of the research done by McCown, the author notes that in this period only primary relative dating methods were used. However, in the 21st century more advanced dating method such as absolute dating method are used. The discovery of Acheulian tools in Narmada River or valley is an indication for the middle Pleistocene and later geological deposits in the

Analysis and talk about the differences between the Chinese cultures Essay

Analysis and talk about the differences between the Chinese cultures and American cultures in The Women Warrior book - Essay Example She gives in to her personal desires only to be shunned by her society because of her illegitimate child. She kills herself and her newborn baby after giving birth in a pigsty. The story of â€Å"No-Name Woman† shows how old Chinese societies were. Indiscretions by women were horrible transgressions that caused people’s lives. The shameful act of a woman was unforgivable as proven by how Kingston’s mother shares the family decided that the aunt never existed. Similarly, in the history of America, women who acted in lust and bore children out of wedlock were looked down on in their villages. Unlike the Chinese though, these American women in ancient times did not take their own lives or their baby’s lives out of shame. Another female that figured in Kingston’s life was another aunt, Moon Orchid. She is the sister of Kingston’s mother. Like â€Å"No Man Woman† her life ended sadly. Left by her husband, Moon Orchid was convinced by Kingston’s mother to follow the husband, who has a new family in America, and claim her place as the rightful wife. Moon Orchid was rejected. Unable to learn the English language, Moon Orchid became crazy and eventually died in a mental asylum. In Chinese culture, it is not uncommon to have a second wife, a trophy wife. The husband must provide for both wives. In America, this is not part of the culture at all which is why divorce is such a big deal. Another difference in culture is how Moon Orchid failed to adapt when in America. In contrast, American women manage in one way or another to adjust to the current situation and survive. Yet another woman mentioned in the book is Fa Mu Lan. A mythical character, Fa Mu Lan is a courageous woman who pretends to be a man, saves her husband, leads an army into overthrowing a bad emperor and kills a horrible baron. In this story, the author depicts Chinese women as brave as well. Although the Chinese of today are still patriarchal, the women have started establishing

Self-assessment Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Self-assessment - Term Paper Example Based on the big five personality assessment, the aspect of openness to experience and intellect had a score of 47% which was judged as typically uncreative. This needs improvement which will mainly be guided by getting involved in creative sessions, complex activities, though on a gradual process and more conventional aspects of the learning environment. This is important given the current global trends that require creativity for one to ail through in whatever career they choose. Conscientiousness was ranked at 64% which meant that I am able to organize myself and am reliable. However, there needs to be an improvement to attain self-discipline. Self-discipline in any working or social environment is important because it sets one apart from all the rest (Drucker, 2010). Reliability will come in handy too in other areas within the organization. Extraversion was ranked at 64% which meant that I relatively enjoy social gatherings. There needs to be some improvement in the area of being talkative and fun-loving. I am however more agreeable, at 74%, which indicates consideration for the feelings of others. This needs to be maintained and nurtured (Kelvin, 2011). I am also more relaxed during a crisis which was ranked under neuroticism and had a score of 27%. Such is an important attribute when in management or dealing with hostile people in social settings while in school, this is something that aids in creating bond with many people, hence a better lifestyle and a peaceful environment for all. The emotional intelligence quiz showed a high score on emotional intelligence. This implies that I am good at skills that have to deal with the interpretation and understanding of emotions and also when there is a need to act upon those skills. However, more work is required to maintain these since adeptness to react and deal with social and emotional conflicts is always an important attribute in real-life situations. Emotional intelligence is

Q8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Q8 - Essay Example e effective in achieving the desired objectives of effectiveness; rather resolving a conflict at the organizational level where the knowledge to address the conflict is available, is likely to be more effective. In order to address the performance issues and large costs associated with reforming and refining systems development projects, a study carried out by Patnayakuni et al (2006) proposes a knowledge management system perspective in order to manage both tacit and explicit knowledge in the process of systems development. Supply chain management and inter-organisational system development techniques have also been used by large companies in order to develop their efficiency. Assessing the same techniques in the case of small and medium sized enterprises however, Morrell and Ezingeard (2002) have concluded that while such enterprises may gain significant benefits through the application of supply chain management and inter-organizational system development techniques, in practice they do not do so because there is a culturally rooted lack of vision and awareness, which are limiting the extent to which such techniques are applied and benefits realized. These methods may nevertheless offer excellent opportunities to develop efficient methods to improve inter organizational performance. The most important aspect however, would be to develop effective systems of knowledge management. The major objective would be to keep department leaders apprised of developments occurring within the organization. As Patnayukuni et al (2006) have highlighted, this would involve the effective use of both tacit and explicit knowledge, but more importantly, ensuring that department heads are able to gain access to and be aware of such knowledge through the development of an effective system to communicate information to all department heads. It is effective integration within an organization that is therefore likely to be beneficial in the adoption of a corporate wide system for

Self-assessment Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Self-assessment - Term Paper Example Based on the big five personality assessment, the aspect of openness to experience and intellect had a score of 47% which was judged as typically uncreative. This needs improvement which will mainly be guided by getting involved in creative sessions, complex activities, though on a gradual process and more conventional aspects of the learning environment. This is important given the current global trends that require creativity for one to ail through in whatever career they choose. Conscientiousness was ranked at 64% which meant that I am able to organize myself and am reliable. However, there needs to be an improvement to attain self-discipline. Self-discipline in any working or social environment is important because it sets one apart from all the rest (Drucker, 2010). Reliability will come in handy too in other areas within the organization. Extraversion was ranked at 64% which meant that I relatively enjoy social gatherings. There needs to be some improvement in the area of being talkative and fun-loving. I am however more agreeable, at 74%, which indicates consideration for the feelings of others. This needs to be maintained and nurtured (Kelvin, 2011). I am also more relaxed during a crisis which was ranked under neuroticism and had a score of 27%. Such is an important attribute when in management or dealing with hostile people in social settings while in school, this is something that aids in creating bond with many people, hence a better lifestyle and a peaceful environment for all. The emotional intelligence quiz showed a high score on emotional intelligence. This implies that I am good at skills that have to deal with the interpretation and understanding of emotions and also when there is a need to act upon those skills. However, more work is required to maintain these since adeptness to react and deal with social and emotional conflicts is always an important attribute in real-life situations. Emotional intelligence is

Arlene Goldbard, “Making the World Safe for Hollywood” Essay Example for Free

Arlene Goldbard, â€Å"Making the World Safe for Hollywood† Essay The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has been in existence since 1945. Primarily founded to safeguard education even in poor countries, the organization now also looks after scientific and cultural areas as well. Recently, however, the United States refused to vote for the UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions. The Chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts, Dana Gioia, had a few words to say about this. Personally though, Arlene Goldbard’s reaction, aptly entitled â€Å"Making the World Safe for Hollywood† is more personally compelling. It is true that Gioia presented a number of facts and details, which manifests how much the country tries to respect its existing culture; yet it sounded quite snobbish to disregard the better benefits signing the convention would bring to the country. His statement somehow addresses only the elite, or those who are directly involved in culture and the arts. Arlene Goldbard’s reaction, however, was more directed to the masses, or in other words, more people who would benefit if the United States signed the convention in the first place. It is written in a manner that is both light yet accurate, precisely looking into the matter yet in a subtler, easier-to-understand manner. This style makes it easier to read through the entire article despite the less than lively topic it has. It also tackles the issue without being too condescending and patronizing. It also presented a few of the Convention’s statement of objectives, which would benefit a large number of people and the culture in general of only the United States signed the pact in the first place. Lastly, the analogies Arlene Goldbard used, specifically that of the oyster injected the right and appropriate amount of humor that would make readers think and laugh at the same time.

Professional Development For Strategical Managers

Professional Development For Strategical Managers According to Guskey (2000) as a consultant of AB management consultant if I want to do my best and if I want to expand my organization consistently I have both skills personal and professional because as per my point of view both skills are complimentary and which can help my organization and I will achieve my organizational goal. With the help of these skills I can contribute to the development of my employees. In this assignment I want to evaluate both professional and personal skills required to meet both organizational and own goals and objectives and also I want to take action on implementation of my goal and objective. I want to determine short, medium and long term goals and also analyse strengths and weaknesses. Furthermore I have to analyze which skill is helpful for our organization: Professional or Personal skill. Lucey (2005) mentions that Personal and Professional Skills form part of Human Resource Management, which is the most important and vital aspect in an organization. The globalization of the business world has caused organizations to compete against one another for their survival. In this regards, the management in terms of strategy, planning and policies play a tremendous and crucial role. Moreover I have to analyze which skill is helpful for our organization: Professional or Personal. According to Mullins (2002), to be a good consultant a person must develop strong personal skills so as to maintain a proper balance between work and pleasure. Professional skills are those skills that help a person manage his/her professional or work life in a more apt way. Professional skills are those skills on how to set and achieve objectives of the business, negotiate conflicts, maintain ethics at workplace and program planning. TASK-1 BE ABLE TO ASSESS PERSONAL AND PROFESSIONAL SKILLS REQUIRED TO ACHIEVE STRATEGIC GOALS 1.1:- USE APPROPRIATE METHODS TO EVALUATE PERSONAL SKILLS REQUIRED TO ACHIEVE STRATEGIC GOALS There are some methods to evaluate personal skills required to achieve strategic goals in personal and professional life for example: Hard work/ Dedication: According to Guest (2000) hard work and dedication are two traits of managers. The people who find success become managers and are the ones who are looked to for help. If I want to become a successful consultant of AB Management then I have to put myself out to help other people. Finding success is easier if a distributor is able to find a manager who is willing to take the time and effort to help him do well in the business until he can become a leader in the company. According to Lucey (2005) regardless of whether or not a manager is found to help, however, the distributor himself must be willing to work hard and have the dedication to keep trying until the dream is fulfilled. Every employer wants an employee who is hard worker and they expect form employee to keep it at it until they solve the problem and get the job done. Stress Management: According to stress Guest D (2000) this is very crucial management skill because mentally stress is really not good for any human being or any manager in organization. According to stress management also play big role when we are on managerial level. for example in AB management there are many employees and they have different kind of problems in their life so as a manager I have to sort it out everything and dont have to depress that I got big problem what can I do? I have to sort it out problem and give its solution in particular manner. Stress is a nervous system reaction of our body towards certain stimulus. Guest D (2000) mention that this nervous system reaction could be easily viewed as an unconscious preparation of the body for a certain activity, like for instance releasing adrenaline chemicals onto our muscles whenever we feel alarmed, for example triggering auto response duck and adrenaline rush quickness on the muscles as we hear and process a gunfire shot; or else shutti ng down some of our pain receptors while were in a fight. The problem with stress response is that it also triggers psychologically. Anxiety of approaching deadlines, nervousness over the outcome of a completing project, surmounting unpaid bills, or the nervous anticipation of any event, any situation thats going to happen in the near future may trigger stress response. Over time, these repeated stress experiences can severely deplete energy which could be used for other health functions like digesting meals, functioning body defence system, and such. TIME MANAGEMENT: Evans (2008) claims that for effective management and leadership skill it is very important to manage time if any manger or employee fails to manage time they are never go ahead in their life. Source: http://reviews.in.88db.com/index.php/leisure/casual-entertainment This figure shows that how to use time effectively in this competitive world because time is very important. Time management there are two kinds of people first who have no time they are too busy with their life so they cannot change schedule for learn something which is useful for their organization and the other people in time management are those who have ability to take new challenges in market they get time from their busy schedule and attend workshop. What they got the knowledge from workshop or what they learnt from the trainer they directly implement those ideas and skill to the employees so it can be easy for employee to do their task. Prioritising Work Tasks: According to Mullins (2000) there is no question that all employers desire employee who will arrive at work every day on time and ready to work and who will take responsibility for their action. One thing is the fact that dependable, responsible, contributor committed to excellence and success. Reliability refers to the consistency of a measure. A test is considered reliable if we get the same result repeatedly. For example, if a test is designed to measure a trait such as introversion, then each time the test is administered to a subject, the results should be approximately the same. Unfortunately, it is impossible to calculate reliability exactly, but there several different ways to estimate reliability. 1.2 APPLY TECHNIQUES TO ASSESS THE PROFESSIONAL SKILLS REQUIRED TO SUPPORT THE STRATEGIC DIRECTION OF ORGANISATION: Techniques to assess the professional skills which required to support the strategic direction of organisation is very necessary in this assignment. There are some techniques which are very important to assess the professional skills. Mentoring: Mentoring is also contributing in the achieving goal or objective of an organisation it is a way of overcoming many problems. According to Boxhall (2003) a mentor is someone who can advise and guide us in our carrier. He or she has a number of roles as an appraiser, a supporter, a communicator and a superior and his subordinates and if it is unlikely that a manager can carry these functions. A good mentor has coaching skills is trustworthy respected and is free from major distractions either within or outside the workplace, without a mentor reflection is also not also very productive experience. It can be a bit like looking for piglet. As a Consultant of AB management I can spend time thinking without arriving at a conclusion, it helps of course if I have structure to my thinking, in mentoring the questions are what is happening has happened? What brought this about? What went well and what did not go well? How can the situation be improved? What might we learn form the situation tha t might influence future action? Coaching: Guskey (2000) point out that all human beings are born with a dream, which are there goals in their life. Attaining a goal is not that easy and hence there is a need for a clear and correct path for the easy attaining the goals. This easy attaining of the path can be achieved with the help of a coach and coaching. And so it is said that coaching is the practice of giving sufficient direction, instruction and training to a person or a group people, so as to achieve some goals or even in developing specific skills. Though coaching is a system of providing training, the method of coaching differs from person to person, aim or goals to be attained, and the areas needed. Still there are some common methods in coaching. They are essential part of an effective coaching. Leadership: Guskey (2000) suggested leadership is a key skill, and its one that can make a huge difference to anyones career. At work, problems are at the centre of what many people do every day. As a consultant of AB management either solving a problem for a client internal or external, supporting those who are solving problems, or discovering new leadership skill. The problems we face can be large or small, simple or complex, and easy or difficult to solve. Regardless of the nature of the problems, a fundamental part of every managers role is finding ways to solve and lead them. So, being a confident leader is really important to our success. Much of that confidence comes from having a good process to use when approaching a problem lead. With one, we can solve problems quickly and effectively. Without one, our solutions may be ineffective, or well get stuck and do nothing, with sometimes painful consequences TASK-2 BE ABLE TO CONDUCT A SKILLS AUDIT TO IDENTIFY LEARNING SYTLE 2.1 CARRY OUT SKILLS TO EVALUATE THE STRATEGIC SKILLS NEEDED TO MEET CURRENT AND FUTURE LEADERSHIP USING PERSONAL SWOT ANALYSIS, PSYCHOMETRIC TEST AND SWAG ANALYSIS: There are few skills which evaluate the strategic skills needed to meet the current and future leadership. Communication Skill: According to Douglas (2005) Good verbal and written communication skills are one of the basic management skills. If we will notice some of the good leaders, we would realize that they all had good oratory or written skills. A leader always knows what he wants to say and when he should say it. So as a consultant of AB management I should have a great sense of timing along with communication skills. I should also know how to convey certain messages subtly so that the work is done in an expected and speculated manner. A manager should understand that he is a liaison between the staff and the higher authority and should be able to put the issues effectively in front of both the parties. In that case, he may need to have good diplomacy and negotiation skills that are extremely important. Decision Making: As a good consultant of AB management I also need to have good decision making judgment and ability. Douglas (2005) opined that only decision making power is not enough. A manager should know how to execute his powers for the betterment of the staff and the company. A manager has to go through many stressful situations that are full with moral and ethical dilemma and so he must possess good judgment and analytical ability. This would help him take the right decision. A manager should involve his staff taking major decisions. He must remember that imposing authority or decisions is not leadership in its true sense. APPENDIX B-Skills Audit and SWAG analysis Development Goals-Strengths, Weaknesses, Aspirations and Goals (SWAG) Strength: practical and realistic Like to learn new things, techniques Work autonomously By setting goals, I always try to accomplish it by hard work Like to take chance in experimentation Always come up with new ideas. Weaknesses: Not involved in basic speculation or philosophy Sometimes Impatient Take action without caution Do the tasks without any people Aspirations: Utilization of college services like live campus, technological equipment and library facilities etc. Preparation of time logs during workshops Practical knowledge about meeting, presentation in lecture Group activities in class Goals: Problem solving. Satisfaction. Independent in my work. 2.2 APPLY APPROPRIATE TECHNIQUES TO IDENTIFY PREFERRED LEARNING STYLE: In this assignment it is very important to prefer learning style which is really very important. According Peter Honey and Alan Mumford (2010) also identified another type of learning style preference. They maintained that by identifying preferred style, we could try and apply it to learning new things. Most of us have elements of more than one learning style, so we should think about our strongest and our weakest style to identify how we learn. If we are able to use our natural style, we are likely to find learning much easier and quicker. The four categories Honey and Mumford identified are, Activists, reflector, theorist and pragmatists. According to Neil and Morgan (2003) activists like to be involved in new experiences s as a consultant of AB management I have tend to be open minded and enthusiastic about new ideas but get bored with actual implementation. However, enjoy getting their sleeves rolled up and doing things. It can be impulsive, tending to act first and consider the consequences afterwards. Activists enjoy working in terms but do tend to control the attention. Activists learn most when Involved in new experiences, problems and opportunities Interacting with others in business games, team tasks, role playing Thrown in at the deep end with a difficult task Chairing meetings, leading discussions Activists learn least when Simply listening to lectures or long explanations Reading, writing or thinking by themselves Absorbing and understanding data Precisely following detail instructions The VARK model is a sensory model that is an extension of the earlier neurolingusistic model. The acronym VARK stands for Visual, Aural, Read or write and Kineststhetic. Fleming defines learning style as an individuals characteristics and preferred ways of gathering, organizing and thinking about information. VARK is in the category of instructional preference because it deals with perceptual molds, or senses. It does not address are test and smell. The VARK inventory provides metrics in each of the four perceptual modes, with individuals having preferences for anywhere from one to all four. There are also differences in learning approaches for the four VARK Learning Styles. Visual learners prefer maps, charts, graphs, diagrams, brochures, flow charts, highlighters, different colors, pictures, word pictures, and different spatial arrangements. Aural learners like to explain new ideas to others, discuss topics with other students and their teachers, use a tape recorder, attend lectures and discussion groups, and use stories and jokes. Read/Write learners prefer lists, essays, reports, textbooks, definitions, printed handouts, readings, manuals, Web pages, and taking notes. Kinesthetic learners like field trips, trial and error, doing things to understand them, laboratories, recipes and solutions to problems, hands-on approaches, using their senses, and collections of samples. TASK-3 BE ABLE TO IMPLEMENT A PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN 3.1 CONSTRUCT A PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN USING SMART OBJECTIVES THAT MEETS LEAERSHIP DEVELOPMENT REQUIRED SKILLS AUDIT: Specific:- In this objective my task has to be specific according my skills which satisfaction levels in the learning resources provided by the department. Reduce the amount of time it takes to respond to academic departmental requests for information. Specific means that the objective is concrete, detailed, focused and well defined. The program states a specific outcome, or a precise objective to be accomplished. The outcome is stated in numbers, percentages, frequency, reach, scientific outcome, etc. Measurable:- In each and every task planning should be measurable and achievable. If the objective is measurable, it means that the measurement source is identified and we are able to track the actions as we progress towards the objective. Measurement is the standard used for comparison. For example, what financial independence means to me may be totally different compared to what is means for you. As its so often said if you cant measure it, you cant manage it! Its important to have measures that will encourage and motivate you on the way as you see the change occurring, this may require interim measures. Measurements go a long way to help us to know when we have achieved our objective. Aims:- In this objective to improve personal development skills for leadership in every task aims should be clear and understandable. If you have an aim which is not achievable according the situation and circumstances for that you are not able to use a particular smart objective. Realistic:- Objectives must be realistic Objectives that are achievable, may not be realistic. However, realistic does not mean easy. Realistic means that you have the resources to get it done. The achievement of an objective requires resources, such as, skills, money, equipment, etc. to the task required to achieve the objective. Timed:- Time-bound means setting deadlines for the achievement of the objective. Deadlines need to be both achievable and realistic. If you dont set a time you will reduce the motivation and urgency required to execute the tasks. Timeframes create the necessary urgency and prompts action. Furthermore when I talk about the personal development plan, according to Boxall Purcell (2001) I have to think about myself that what are my weaknesses? What are my strengths? In which area I have to develop? Which can I do best for my organization? For example when we discuss about weaknesses if I have lack of confidence or if I am short-tempered then I have to improve on these areas. In strength aspect if according to Boxall Purcell (2001) if I have good communication power that its good for my personal development. I have to also think about what is my long and short term goal for my organization. For example nowadays consultancy sectors are very competitive in a market so how can I get good profit from all these challenges. Appendix D- Individual Development Plan Name:à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Departmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Period coveredà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Objectives/SMART Goals What do I want to be able to do by the end of the period? What do I want/need to learn What will I do to achieve this? What will my success criteria be? Target dates for completion Personal or organisational What do I want/need to learn What will I do to achieve this? What will my success criteria be? Target dates for completion Personal or organisational 3.2 USE SUITABLE METHODS TO ASSESS THE OUTCOMES OF A PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN AGAINST PERSONAL WORK OBJECTIVES: According to Guest (2000) in the process, staff members also set personal developmental goals that will increase their ability to contribute to the success of AB Management. The accomplishment of these goals also provides a foundation for career success whether in AB Management or elsewhere, so they ought to be motivated and excited about achieving these goals. Neil and Morgan (2003) point out that performance Management, with the professional development plan process for goal setting and communication, will ensure that we are developing a superior workforce. The only factor that constrains our growth is our ability to hire a superior workforce. Why not grow that talent from within my organization as well? Set some realistic goals for myself. According to these goals must be Kotler, P and Armstrong, G (2001) something we truly wish to experience. Something that will motivate us if we do not set motivating goals then the chances of we are not being able to overcome obstacles when we encounter them increases. Take action. Kotler and Armstrong (2001) mention that once we set our motivating goals, now it is time to begin to take action to move closer to them. Without action we cannot expect to achieve anything different in our life. Be open to opportunities. as we begin to set our goals we will begin to notice opportunities that come our way. According to Lucey (2005) after all what we give our attention to will continue to grow. Always be open to the opportunities; and do not be afraid to take action. When we do take action if do not be afraid to change our course if something does not work out the way we expect it to. Sometimes we must be willing to take detours to reach our destinations. Celebrate our success. We all require acknowledgment for our successes. Foot, M. Hook C., (2006) mention that if we do not receive acknowledgment; we can become discouraged and quit working towards our goals. So we must learn how to celebrate every little success. Even if we are the only one who notices it. Start a success journal. Mullins J. (2002) mentions that one of the things I was taught when I began my personal development journey. One of the most important things to do is to begin writing down all our successes throughout the day. 3.3. EVALUATE THE IMPACT OF OWN LEARNING AGAINST THE ACHIEVEMENT OF STRATEGIC GOALS It is very important to evaluate the impact of own learning against the achievement of strategic goals because Strategic goals are statements of what we wish to achieve over the period of the strategic plan e.g. over the next year, five years, ten years. They reflect the analysis we do that starts with creating a vision, a role statement and a mission statement, and then analysis of our environment, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Leadership Skill: As a consultant of AB Management leadership skill is very necessary when I play a role of consultant. When a consultant has not this kind of leadership skill then he or she is not able to control or handle their employees. So leadership skill is very important in large or small organisation. Neil and Morgan believe that it is a critical management skill, is the ability to motivate a group of people towards a common goal. A leader is like a man who handle whole the team or we can say he handle group of people all have same goal. Guskey T. (2000), Its not easy task because a leader should so many right to do and he must have capability to follow whole group for common goal. A leader some time by born or some time he become leader with experience and with work. According to as a leader in my company I have to do leadership and lead all my staff for a common goal and its a good, excellent customer service. As a consultant I need to have proper management styles in managing different oper ations. My management styles should be autocratic and democratic so I can make my all decisions perfect and in time which is useful to my organization. Professional Skill: Professional skill is as important same like Personal skill. According to Docstoc (2010) in professional skill counselling and mentoring to support staff with their own learning and development requirement, coaching skills, multitasking, leadership skills, theories of leadership, management styles, continuing self-development meet requirements for industry sector professional bodies, leading and meeting, delivering effective presentations. If a consultant have only personal skill but not a professional skill then it is very tough to survive in a market. So a consultant must have both skills personal as well as professional skill. This skill is very important in this assignment because this assignment is about advanced professional development and if a person plays a role of consultant in AB Management he or she must have this skill. Self Development: In self development If anyone works as a consultant they must have good knowledge of market that can be helpful to expand my organization because if I have to data of other companies and I do whatever organization is running its not good for me and my organization. As a consultant have leading and chairing meetings. If as a consultant if I have no leadership power then he cant achieve his goal. So he has to arrange monthly meeting and discuss about what we are what we got what we want to achieve everything he has to manage in this task. Foot and Hook (1999) as a consultant he must have effective presentation skill because a consultant has to give monthly assignment to their employee for example as a consultant of AB Management I have to give monthly assignment to my employee that what they have done last month what are criteria that we have to improve ourselves. How much the budget provided by our employer and what we have already achieved, So employee get the knowledge of their perf ormance and next time they dont made same mistake what they made before. CONCLUSION: This assignment is about the personal and professional skills which is required in personal and professional life. In this assignment I also mentioned the techniques to assess the professional skills required to support the organisation. I also carry out the skill audit evaluate the strategic skills needed to meet the current and future requirements using persona swot analysis. This assignment I have to develop myself as a professional consultant so I used many techniques and methods to improve the personal and professional development plan. personal skill not professional skill or in the other hand if I have only professional skill and not personal skill then it is not good combination of management I must have these both skill. Personal and professional skill includes numerous benefits with an underlying philosophy that emphasizes the achievement of competitive advantage through the efforts of people. I conclude in this assignment that each and every organization they must have kno wledge of personal and professional skill which is really very useful personally and professionally. Every organization has some particular goal and the most common goal of any commercial firm or organization is profit. In this assignment first of all I have to manage myself as a manager because if I am not manage myself then I cannot manage entire organization, it means I have to find out what are my strength what are my weaknesses