Police Brutality And The Blue Uniform - 2009 Words

Michael Paul Maraffa Mr. Pollard Forensic Science 2nd November, 20 2014 Our Law Enforcement Death, rape, illegal drugs, robbery, fraud; all things the men in the blue uniform are supposed to protect us from. But with more and more stories of corruption, police brutality, and racism, can we really trust these police officers? The men who we are supposed to call in the middle of the night when we hear a loud thud in our living room, or when we come home to realize all of our belongings are missing. Police brutality, corruption and racism; are all things our Law Enforcement today are accused of. As we continue to commit crimes and break the law there are more and more stories of how people are being wrongly accused of crimes they did not†¦show more content†¦With all the power they have it is understandable that they make mistakes. Unfortunately, because they are supposed to be people of the law when they do mess up, everyone knows about it. The news loves to exploit them when they do, exposing every embarrassing and misunderstood detail of what really happened. Many times the stories are they portray are not 100% true. That is why we as people must do what we can to discover the real truth. One of the most common faults, and understandably the most infuriating, as a country to see are stories of police brutalities. With more and more stories surfacing about people â€Å"randomly† being beaten in public, there is more and more trust lost in our Law Enforcement. This is also one of the most recent dramas we have had to deal with as a community. Everyone has heard about the Ferguson case and the very murky details surrounding it. The story differs depending on who you ask, but the story is that a white police officer shot an innocent African American male, Mike Brown. He then proceeded to run away and hide behind a car. Raising his hands to show the cop he was innocent, Brown, was then shot several more times and then died. Although the reason he was shot is still unclear there have been many riots and protests to get the truth about this incident. Another incident of police brutality is that of a Houston family who was reportedly beaten outside of their home by constables of

The Assassination of John F. Kennedy Essay - 916 Words

On November 22 1963 former President John F Kennedy was shot by Lee Harvey Oswald. He became the second out of the two most remembered presidents to be killed, the first being Lincoln. However, most people believe that John Wilkes Booth killed Lincoln, but most people don’t think Oswald killed JFK. Ranging from his future-self killing his past self to other crazy theories like aliens, but 55% of our nation still think that JFK was involved by some government conspiracy at the time of his death. Right now in 2014 America some people still believe that the assassination of John F Kennedy was just a conspiracy, here we’ll see why and how this could have happened in our own state in our own country. The first theory is that the Vice/soon to†¦show more content†¦The major fact that people use is that the the CIA are always hiding stuff, and no one seems to trust them. Bobby would later believe otherwise, but what people still dont know is that why did he suspect them?It does not help that the CIA are always involved whenever something strange like alien sightings are made.However, what if the issues were not with them, but the Soviet Union. â€Å"An inside job: CIA a suspect for some in JFKs killing.†- Evan Burgos Next up is that the Soviet Union also known as present day Russia killed Kennedy. There had been so much stuff going on at the time of his death that Russia was not such a far stretch from reality. They even had missiles aimed at America at the time.Not to mention that Oswald was part Russian.One reason being that it happened after the Cuban Missile Crisis, and could have been fuel to kill JFK. Some also believe that the Soviets did it as a part of the Cold War going on. Others think that they hired Oswald to do it. Some believe that if they did not do it then one of their organizations the KGB did it instead. The major beliefs are believed by how the USA and Russia/ Soviet Union have been rivals for a long time. Despite this Cuba is still as much of a suspect as the Soviets. â€Å"The Top 5 John F. Kennedy Assassination Conspiracy Theories†- Russell Goldman Now it’s Cuba’s turn to take the heat. Like I said earlier Cuba andShow MoreRelatedThe Assassination Of John F. Kennedy982 Words   |  4 Pages O’Reilly and Dugard’s book, Killing Kennedy, is about the events leading to President John F. Kennedy being shot, as well as what happened after the assassination. This book also describes the rise and fall of John F. Kennedy. The authors also wrote about the Cold War, Kennedy dealing with communism, and threats of crime. January of 1961, the cold war was growing stronger and Kennedy was struggling with communism. During all of this happening, he was learning what it meant to be a president. HeRead MoreThe Assassination Of John F. Kennedy1620 Words   |  7 Pages Ever since the assassination of John F. Kennedy in 1963, there has been controversy over whether the true gunman was held accountable. The United States Government claimed that it was an easy, open and closed case. They found Lee Harvey Oswald, close to ground zero, with a freshly fired riffle, immediately after JFK was shot. Contrary to the governments report, skeptics argue a vast scope of conspiracies to shed light on what they believe happened that day; ideas ranging from magic bullets, multipleRead MoreThe Kennedy Assassinations By John F. Kennedy Essay1486 Words   |  6 Pages Decades later, the Kennedy assassinations and surrounding mysteries continue holding public interest. Although their notoriety as charismatic leaders is a significant contribution, other factors regarding societal psychology deserve consideration whilst exploring this phenomenon. With these events occurring during a time that allows living witnesses, modern accessible evidence, various media covera ge, and visible modern impact, the mysterious Kennedy assassinations have the capacity to encourageRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy Assassination1618 Words   |  7 PagesJohn F. Kennedy Assassination Was John F. Kennedy’s assassination a single shooter or was it a conspiracy? Since November 22, 1963 people around the world have wondered who it was that shot President Kennedy, and what for. So many questions have formed around this event, not just about who the shooter was, but also questions like what might the world have been like today if the shooting didn’t happen? The Kennedy assassination has been a mystery for many years. A lot of people hear about the differentRead MoreAssassination Of John F. Kennedy1002 Words   |  5 PagesThe Assassination of John F. Kennedy â€Å"Our most basic common link is that we all inhabit this planet. We all breathe the same air. We all cherish our children’s future. And we are all mortal.† President Kennedy stated in his commencement speech at American University on June 10, 1963. John F. Kennedy was an American politician who served as the 35th President of the United States from January 1961 to his assassination in November 1963. There are numerous conspiracy theories involving Kennedy’s assassinationRead MoreAssassination of John F. Kennedy931 Words   |  4 PagesThe John F. Kennedy assassination is believed to be one of the most controversial and debated topics in American History. JFK was one of the most beloved presidents of our time. Other assassinations of presidents didn’t have as many Conspiracy theories compared to the JFK assassination on November 22nd, 1963. Some of the theories include a Government cover-up, Mafia influence, and Cuban President Fidel Castro (Stern). T he assassination of John F. Kennedy in Dallas, Texas, raised many questions thatRead MoreThe Assassination Of John F. Kennedy1500 Words   |  6 PagesOn November 23, 1963, three shots were fired at President John F. Kennedy’s limousine in Dallas, Texas. The first shot went through the president’s neck, the second was the fatal shot that would ultimately end Kennedy’s life. There is a lot of speculation about what really took place in the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Many people believe that Lee Harvey Oswald worked alone, but there are many people across the nation who think differently. Many theories can both support and disprove that LeeRead MoreThe Assassination Of John F. Kennedy1626 Words   |  7 PagesThe Assassination of John F. Kennedy John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States, was assassinated on November 22, 1963 at 12:30 p.m Central Standard Time in Dallas, Texas while riding in a motorcade in Dealey Plaza.[1] Kennedy was fatally shot by Lee Harvey Oswald while he was riding with his wife, Jacqueline, Texas Governor John Connally, and Connally s wife, Nellie, in a presidential motorcade. A ten-month investigation by the Warren Commission from November 1963 to September 1964Read MoreThe Assassination Of John F. Kennedy Essay967 Words   |  4 PagesThe book I chose to read is The Assassination of John F. Kennedy by Lauren Spencer. It was published in 2002 by The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. It contains 64 pages. This book not only provides information on the killing of President Kennedy, but also information on his life, the arrested murderer s life, and more interesting background information and details. This books main objective is to go deeper into the case of John F. Kennedy s assassination, to discuss personal information about suspectsRead MoreAssassination of John F Kennedy1119 Words   |  5 Pagessixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository Building. However, did Lee Harvey Oswald, a crazy lunatic act alone in the assassination of President Kennedy. Both first – hand knowledge and visual evidence allows people to re – examine the events of this day and prove that there were other gunmen involved in the bombardment of our youngest elected president. John F. Kennedy was depicted as a nationwide hero to many Catholics living in the U.S. during the early 1960’s. He was idolized by several

Living Culture Sociology

Question: Discuss about the Living Culturefor Sociology. Answer: Introduction The scholars have worked on the social science and humanities disciplines while they have taken interest in the questions concerning the identity of an individual. This question has been discussed in different disciplines such as political science, sociology and many more. For instance, within the field of political science, the concept of identity is almost discussed in every sub fields (Domenici and Lesser 2016). There are several researches that have been devoted regarding the politics of identity of gender, race and sexuality. In the sphere of comparative politics, the identity plays a major role regarding the ethnic conflicts and the concept of nationalism. However, in the political theories, the questions regarding identity discuss several arguments on the sexuality, ethnicity, gender, nationality, especially the cultural identity in relation to the liberalism and the alternative ideas. However, despite the increasing interest in the identity, the concept has remained something like an enigma. The scholars have observed that the general meaning attached to the concept of identity has not been well captured by the strict dictionary definitions as the definitions have been evolved with time and reflect an older sense. The current concept of identity is generally the social construct; therefore it is complicated in itself. Even if an individual understands the idea of using the word in his or her everyday discourse, it is indicated that it will not be easy to give a proper definition to the term (Clark et al. 2015). The thesis statement of this essay would be Identity is neither a biological determined essence nor a free choice but comes to us from the outside (Mansfield 2000:169). Therefore the purpose of the essay would be to discuss the thesis statement from a detailed analysis of the regular language and the social discourse. This essay will also examine the influences of Michel Foucault regarding the debate of the cultural and historical construction of the identity. Discussion This essay will also argue that the present usage of identity is linked with two of the terms personal and social. Formerly social identity referred to the social category or a group of individuals that is marked by a certain label which is distinguished by the social rules that decide the social membership and the distinct characteristic attributes. However, in the present sense of personal identity refers to the resource of the dignity or the self respect of the individual and at the same time it adheres to the social differentiations (Mustanski et al. 2014). However, many state that there is no such need of linking both the things. The identity an individual carries with him or herself is not only the personal identity, rather they carry a social identity. This is also because that the social identity such as the ethnic identity or the national identity gives them an idea of sameness with the others in the society. Individuals identify themselves not only with a personal idea on the basis of their internal factors but they put more significance on the external factors, therefore the individual has a sense of identification from their early childhood. Some scholars state that the heredity and sexual orientation are both related concepts, but it is important to understand the gender identity and the gender norms are two separate ideas. The gender norms that are fixed by the society define what specifically is fitting the feminine and the masculine behavior from a societal perspective (Galupo et al. 2014). This also leads to the approach that the concept of being a man or a woman becomes a distinctive yet adopted part of the style that generally reflects the gender identity that is self concerning. Human sexuality and the sexual identity both are multifaceted and complex concepts. The society always attempt to make a connection between the sexual identity and the specific gender, however, in reali ty, people blur the line file line. Therefore, most of the people who are unable to recognize themselves with this female male specified gender norms, have a tendency to feel incomplete or insecure. The concept of sexuality is neither simple nor the gender identity. The genes and heredity play a definite role in the sexual orientation and identity of an individual, however, they cannot be considered as the defining factors. Both of the factors share a common place which is the childhood nurturing, but this not the defining factor of the sexual orientation in the later life. The French philosopher Michael Foucault, who is known for presenting the queer theory and the construction of the concept of sexuality, presents theories that states that the definition and the views regarding the sexuality went through a major shift during the last few centuries (King 2013). The same sex relationships are quite common in the present time, but it is definitely not that these relationships did not exist before. They definitely did stay but in the present time, what is relatively more new is the concept that the individual desires reveal few fundamental truths about the identity and a conviction that the individuals have the obligation in seeking out the truth and to express it. Within theFoucauldianframework also roots the idea back to the Victorian era where the priest had replaced the psychiatrist as the authority figure of the confessions (McNay 2013). In this era the science of sexuality was born and the elaborate system had classified the differentiation between the normal and deviant sexuality where heterosexuality was established as the normal one and the homosexuality as the deviant one. This concept of what being the deviant one was entirely defined by the society, not the individual choices. Conclusion Therefore it can be said that the term identity is complex and historically societal in its own form. The concept of sexual identity is generally a social attitude towards the gender which focuses on the function of the gender in the society than it does to its intimate self. It mostly focused on the reflection in the outside world. Therefore the identity of an individual is mostly defined and influenced by its outside world, rather than the intimate feeling of the individual. Reference List and Bibliography Clark, C.J., Borowsky, I.W., Salisbury, J., Usher, J., Spencer, R.A., Przedworski, J.M., Renner, L.M., Fisher, C. and Everson-Rose, S.A., 2015. Disparities in long-term cardiovascular disease risk by sexual identity: The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health.Preventive medicine,76, pp.26-30. Domenici, T. and Lesser, R.C. eds., 2016.Disorienting sexuality: Psychoanalytic reappraisals of sexual identities. Routledge. Galupo, M.P., Davis, K.S., Grynkiewicz, A.L. and Mitchell, R.C., 2014. Conceptualization of sexual orientation identity among sexual minorities: Patterns across sexual and gender identity.Journal of Bisexuality,14(3-4), pp.433-456. King, A., 2013. The prisoner of gender: Foucault and the disciplining of the female body.Journal of International Women's Studies,5(2), pp.29-39. McNay, L., 2013.Foucault: A critical introduction. John Wiley Sons. McNay, L., 2013.Gender and agency: Reconfiguring the subject in feminist and social theory. John Wiley Sons. Mustanski, B., Birkett, M., Greene, G.J., Rosario, M., Bostwick, W. and Everett, B.G., 2014. The association between sexual orientation identity and behavior across race/ethnicity, sex, and age in a probability sample of high school students.Journal Information,104(2). Nicholson, L., 2013.Feminism/postmodernism. Routledge.

Stoichiometry of a Precipitation Reaction free essay sample

Show the calculation of the needed amount of Na2CO3 Convert 1. 0g of CaCl2-. 2H2O to moles of CaCl2-. 2H2O 1. 0g x 1 mole CaCl2-. 2H2O 147. 0 g CaCl2-. 2H2O = 0. 00680 moles CaCl2-. 2H2O The mole ratio is 1:1 Hence if we have 0. 00680 moles of CaCl2-. 2H2O we will as well need 0. 00680 moles of Na-2CO3 Convert moles of Na-2CO3 to grams of Na2CO3 = 0. 00680 moles Na-2CO3 x 105. 99g Na-2CO3 1 mole Na-2CO3 = 0. 72g This means that we need 0. 72g of Na-2CO3 to fully react with 1g of CaCl2-. H2O Step 4: Mass of weighing dish_0. 7___g Mass of weighing dish and Na2CO3__1. 4__g Net mass of the Na2CO3 __0. 7__g Step 6: Mass of filter paper __0. 7__g Step 10: Mass of filter paper and dry calcium carbonate__1. 2__g Net mass of the dry calcium carbonate_0. 5___g (This is the actual yield) Step 11: Show the calculation of the theoretical yield of calcium carbonate. We will write a custom essay sample on Stoichiometry of a Precipitation Reaction or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The mole ration between CaCl2-. 2H2O and CaCO3 is 1:1 that means that if we have 0. 00680 moles of CaCl2-. 2H2O we will get 0. 00680 moles CaCO3 Convert the moles of CaCO3 to grams of CaCO3 = 0. 00680 moles CaCO3 x 100 g CaCO3 1 mole CaCO3 = 0. 68g CaCO3 Show the calculation of the percent yield. = Actual yield/Theoretical yield x 100 = 0. 5/0. 68 x 100 = 73. 5% Conclusion: The objective of the experiment is to predict the amount of product produced in a precipitation reaction using stoichiometry. Secondly, the experiment accurately measures the reactants and products of a reaction. Also, the experiment is to determine actual yield vs. theoretical yield and to calculate the percent yield. For example in this experiment, we were able to predict that we need 0. 72g of Na-2CO3 to fully react with 1g of CaCl2-. 2H2O. Another example is that, we calculate the amount of theoretical yield of Calcium Carbonate to be 0. 68g and the percentage yield to be 73. 5%. The scientific principles involved here was that when two or more soluble substances in separate solutions are mixed together to form an insoluble compound they settles of a combined solution as a solid. The solid insoluble compound is called a precipitate. For example in this experiment, we combined sodium carbonate and calcium chloride dehydrates to produce a precipitate of calcium carbonate. The formula mathematically is Na2CO3(aq) + CaCl2. 2H2 = CaCO3(s) + 2NaCl(aq) + 2H2O. Sources of Error and ways to minimize them: There may still be some solid particles in the beaker thereby we will not be able to get the correct mass (quantity) of the Calcium Carbonate. To minimize the error we should use an instrument that can be able to scoop out the entire solid from the beaker. Also if the water in the Calcium Carbonate is not properly dried, the net mass of the Calcium Carbonate can be extremely high. To solve this we must make sure the Calcium Carbonate is well dried. Error of approximation: the molar mass if not well approximated, can lead to an error in the calculation. To minimize this error the instruction should indicate how many decimal point or how significant figure to approximate to. I am highly impressed with the experiment.

John Reed, account of Bolshevi essays

John Reed, account of Bolshevi essays How useful is the eyewitness account of the Bolshevik revolution by John Reed for an historical understanding of the Bolshevik revolution? John Reeds, Ten Days that Shook the World immediately stands out as a crucial primary historical source on the Bolshevik revolution. His eye witness account of the events in Petrograd are important as the revolutionary actions that took place similarly replicated events that took place all over Russia. Reed creates an insight into the events, actions, feelings and emotions of the Bolshevik revolution that has not been replicated. There was no other similar documents to Reeds at the time and thus Ten Days stands out as one of the key primary sources on the time period. Despite scholarly debate as to the accuracy and excess emotion rather than fact in Reeds work, it is widely agreed that his text is crucial for a complete understanding of the Bolshevik revolution. As Bertram D. Wolfe writes, Whether because of or despite the dream which possessed him, as literature Reeds book is the finest piece of eyewitness reporting the revolution produced. 1 Immediately, in the preface to the book Reed makes clear the reasons why he has written the text. Just as historians search the records for the minutest details of the story of the Paris Commune, so they will want to know what happened in Petrograd in November 1917, the spirit which animated the people, and how the leaders looked, talked and acted. It is with this in view that I have written this book.2 Here we see the sort of understanding he wants his readers to have achieved, an eyewitness account of the Bolshevik revolution with details on the spirit of the people and incredible insight on the leaders actions and beliefs during the revolutionary period. Like all historical documents, Reeds is undoubtedly biased. He attempts to be a reporter of facts and events but in the preface admits that in...

AP Scores in College Admissions Do They Really Matter

AP Scores in College Admissions Do They Really Matter SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Since you put so much effort into studying for and taking AP tests, you’ve likely wondered whether colleges look at AP scores.How is all of your AP prep and effort going to affect your chances of admission to college? In this guide, we'll illuminate the relationship between AP scores and college admission. We’ll also discuss how important AP scores are for your application, how colleges consider these scores, and what being an AP Scholar can mean for your admission chances. Do Colleges Look at AP Scores? There are two issues to address when we consider the connection between AP scores and college admission. First, do colleges even look at your AP scores when you apply? Secondly, if they do look, how much do they actually care about your scores? Do Colleges Look at AP Scores for Admission? While you don't typically need to send official AP score reports to colleges you're applying to, some schools will have space on their applications for you to self-report your AP scores.And if your scores are on your application, admissions committees will see them.Similarly, if you have any low AP scores you'd prefer admissions committees not see, you don't have to (and shouldn't) report them on your application. But of the AP scores you do report, how much weight do they have in the admissions process? Is it more or less than the weight of these three apples? Do Colleges Care About AP Scores? As with many college-admissions related questions, the answer to this question is, "It depends." However, as a general rule, your AP exam scores aren’t going to be a major make-or-break factor in whether you get into a college or not. High AP scores will definitely work in your favor, though they’re far from the most important factor (test scores, transcripts, and your personal statement are all much more critical). Particularly high AP scores (i.e., 5s in a variety of subjects) may be helpful for very selective institutionswhere every bit of edge to differentiate you from other elite students can count. Similarly, low AP scores (i.e., 1 or 2) can be a red flag to selective institutions. This is especially true if there’s a lot of inconsistency between your AP scores and your grades in AP classes. If you have consistently high grades but low test scores, this can indicate to colleges that there’s grade inflation at your high school. However, because you’re probably going to self-report your AP scores anyway, there’s nothing wrong with simply not reporting one or two scores you’re not satisfied with. Another situation in whichcolleges will look more closely at your AP scores is if you submit AP scores to a test-flexible school. These types of schools give you several options for what kinds of standardized test scores you can submit with your application. You might be able to substitute SAT or ACT scores with scores from AP tests, IB exams, or SAT Subject Tests. If you’re sitting on some 5s, this might be an appealing option! For example, at NYU you can submit three AP exam scores to fulfill the university's standardized testing requirement. The University of Rochester also allows you to use AP exam scoresas your primary test scores for admission. If you're using AP exams as your standardized test scores, you'll most likely need to send in an official AP score report to that school as opposed to just self-reporting. Your official AP score report normally includes all test scores, but you can pay extra to withhold particular scores if you don’t want the college to see those. Like these dancers, you can use flexibility to your advantage! How Much Do AP Courses Matter for College? The fact that your AP exam scores aren’t a critical factor in college admission does not mean that AP courses are not important. While your actual slate of scores on exams is only of middling importance, AP classes themselves can be very important. This is because one of the most significant factors in the college admissions process- especially at selective schools- is your transcript. Colleges want to see evidence that you were able to excel in difficult classes in high school, so it’s critical that you take a rigorous class schedule, which at many high schools will include AP classes. If your school prioritizes the IB program or doesn’t offer any AP or IB classes, colleges will take this into account. Nonetheless, selective institutions expect you to take the most difficult classes available to you.This also means that it’s perfectly fine to take AP classes and not necessarily take the exam for each class. However, if you do take AP exams, another potential advantage is that you can sometimes earn college credit and/or skip prerequisite courses with your scores. Public schools almost always offer college credit for high scores for at least some exams. Selective private schools are less likely to offer credit for individual exams. Some schools, such as Harvard, even let you bundle AP credits so you can graduate in six to seven semestersand pursue a master’s degree your fourth year. As you can see, many colleges will let you use high AP scores to bypass prerequisites and get to more interesting advanced classes more quickly! Fly past those prerequisites! Does It Matter If You’re an AP Scholar? The AP Scholar program gives honorary awards (meaning there’s no money involved) to students who meet certain score thresholds on certain numbers of AP exams. There are various award levels associated with particular scores and numbers of exams. For instance, you'd win an AP Scholar award if you got 3+ on three exams and a National AP Scholar award if you got 4+ on eight or more AP exams. In general, these awards aren’t going to make much of a difference in college admissions. The awards themselves really just communicate in shorthand how you did on your AP tests, and colleges will already have access to that information if you report your AP scores to them. In this sense, an AP Scholar award is not giving any new information to the school. The AP International Diploma program (created for students interested in going to college abroad) is similar. You’ll receive the diploma automatically once you meet the requirements. Again, though, since you'll likely be reporting your test scores, the diploma doesn’t provide schools with additional information. It's not the most important diploma you'll receive in your life. The Bottom Line: Do Colleges Look at AP Scores? Colleges typically ask students to self-report their AP scores on applications.As a result, they will see any scores you choose to report (and won't see any you choose not to report). The follow-up question, then, is this: do colleges care about AP scores?Although AP scores are far from the most important part of your application, high scores can act in your favor, whereas a number of low scores can be a red flag. This is especially true at selective schools. However, taking AP classes themselves (if they are offered at your school) are an important way to demonstrate that you’re taking the most rigorous schedule available to you- a quality that’s extremely important to selective institutions in the admissions process. Finally, AP exam scores can sometimes get you college credit or allow you to skip prerequisite classes in college. Not all schools do this, so be sure to check with the colleges you're applying to! What’s Next? If you need more information on the complete college application process, we've got you covered. We offer expert advice on the college application timeline, how many colleges you should apply to, and how to do college research to find the right schools for you! Looking to learn more about AP exams? We explainhow to prepare for AP exams, what you need to know in order toace your APs on test day, andwhether you should retake an AP test. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Orthodox Interpretation of Japanese War Memories Essay

Orthodox Interpretation of Japanese War Memories - Essay Example The other argument is based on the assumption of the Allies that the government of Japan has declined in properly addressing the country’s war responsibilities during the war. It is also the view of the English speaking Allies that the people of Japan do not adequately acknowledge the responsibility of Japan during the war. Hence, the Japanese should accept the responsibility of the country during the war and this will propel the Japanese government doing the ‘right’ things in context of the war (Seaton 2). Seaton is of the view that this interpretation is flawed. He attributes this to the fact that there are two varying proportions of the interpretation. One of the proportions is described as the ‘state-centered approach’ whereby there is the political and parlance of the war memory (Seaton 2). The other is described as the ‘culturally determinist’ approach where it is analyzed in both sociological and anthropological focusing on the cha racteristics of the Japanese society as unwilling and conforming (Seaton 3). Why this Interpretation is flawed According to Seaton (p. 9), there are three aspects of how this interpretation is flawed. One of the aspects is that it moves precariously between war responsibility and war memories. This is because war responsibility in the current context is highlighted by constantly by political, moral and legal implications of war conduct. On the other hand, war memories are concerned about the way people see past events from the perspective of today’s context. Although the two aspects are related to some aspect, it is important to note that they are very distinct from each. Seaton (p. 9) asserts that while the Japanese government may refuse to compensate, there are Japanese people and the government that remembers the war. Hence, the way Japanese people feel about the way their government compensating could be based on their memory of the war. The development of memory studies has been greatly enhanced by the society acknowledging the fact that history is based on the environment that is changing constantly. Hence, technological, political, and social environments have affected the way many people are viewing past events. Hence, the Japanese cannot be limited to the environments that were present during the Second World War. There are two paradigms within which war memory and commemoration are studied which are; the political and psychological paradigms (Seaton 9). Seaton in Chapter 3 further argues that although Japan has been accused frequently of failing to address the past, the orthodoxy fails to note the main fact that ‘addressing the past’ is kind of unhelpful because it puts the roles of responsibility and memory into one and in so doing smudges the difference between individual, collective and official narratives. The orthodoxy has put across many texts that argue about Japan failing to address the war responsibility issues officially which has in turn spilled over to the orthodoxy claiming that Japan has an inadequate memory. This has led to observers of the Japanese people on how they remember the war being obscured. It is in this context that the orthodoxy has also ignored to look into how other nations handles their war memory including the English speaking Allies. Hence, the Japanese people are held responsible and in so doing, other nationals who were also responsible for the war have

Erotic elements in The Brothers Menaechmus Essay

Erotic elements in The Brothers Menaechmus - Essay Example There is a homoerotic and incestuous undertone to the union of the brothers at the end of the play that contributes to the production of humor. This paper shall seek to analyse these aspects of the play and why these can or cannot be used in a modern play. Erotic elements in The Brothers Menaechmus The erotic elements in The Brothers Menaechmus contribute greatly to the comedy that is an intrinsic part of the play. The presence of a wife and a mistress and the confusion that ensues is something that is a stock situation that is used for humor in many plays. Plautus combines this with the presence of the twin brothers who look exactly like each other to create situations that are not only funny but also educative and subversive of contemporary ideas of appearances and reality. Subversion occurs at another level, where the homoerotic element is hinted at. However, it is not developed fully and is turned into another occasion for laughter and the production of comedy. The name Erotium i n itself lends itself to suggestive explanations that produce situations that are worthy of laughter to an audience that heard the dialogues in the original Latin that the play was written in. The recourse that Menaechmus takes is that of taking refuge in the arms of his mistress. His wife remains an insignificant character as opposed to the prostitute. His wife is not even provided with a name in most translations.

The Knight and the Prologue of the Canterbury Tales Essay Example for Free

The Knight and the Prologue of the Canterbury Tales Essay The Prologue in Chaucer’s CANTERBURY TALES is unique in the manner in which it introduces its unique cast of characters. Lines 43 to 80 are among the more interesting parts of the Prologue. Lines 43 – 44 The tale starts with the Knight and he was a worthy man Lines 45 – 46 From his earliest days he embodied chivalry Lines 47 – 48 He served his lord well in many wars. Lines 48 – 49 Much of the combat he saw was in the Crusades Lines 50 – 51 He fought a huge battle in Alexandria Lines 52 – 53 He fought in Latvia, Prussia and Russia Lines 54 – 55 His alliances were with powerful forces Lines 55 -56 He was a powerful and honored warrior and even fought in Grenada Lines 56 – 57 He fought in strange lands such as Algiers among others Lines 58 – 60 Not only were his successes on land, but also on the high seas Lines 61 -62 he fought fifteen battles in the Crusades Lines 63 – 64 He slew all who he faced Lines 65 -66 Allying with another nation to defeat the Turks Lines 67 -68 He amassed great fame, but he was not an egoist Lines 69 – 70 He was an honest man who always remained humble. Lines 71 – 72 He never said a foul word not acted without virtue Lines 72 -73 He was a great man, but not without personal problems Lines 74 – 75 he had a great team of horses, but was not happy and wore a frown. Lines 75 – 76 It was impossible for him to hide his feelings. Lines 77 – 78 Deciding he needed a vacation, he opted to tale a pilgrimage Lines 79 – 80 Taking his son with him, a lustful free spirit.

Im Not Scared by Niccolò Ammaniti Essay -- Gabriele Salvatores Film

Niccolà ² Ammaniti's novel and Gabriele Salvatores' homonymous film "I'm Not Scared" have had their share of popularity in North America if not by gaining a conspicuous readership/spectatorship by travelling into the publicity-wagon of international distributors.1 The formula adopted by both writer and filmmaker appealed to investors as a marketable recipe and yet it failed to magnetize the scattered reader/viewer beyond a short flight-of-entertainment.2 The elements at play in the novel and film are quite remarkable for their traditionally universal appeal.3 The fates of two adolescents, one jailed the other unwilling jailer, intersect and are soon bound together in a struggle for survival at the hands of unsuspecting enemies. The filmmaker's aim was to adopt a child's unadulterated point of view in referential opposition to the surrounding adult world. Given the suspenseful plot and the exploration of the young protagonists' fears at coping with a habitat they must disavow, such an aim and narrative scheme were expected to gather much attention.4 The pre-teens Michele, the novel's principal hero, and Filippo the kidnapped child are ultimately elevated from a pit of dirt and fear, the antechamber of death, chiefly by their own heroic praxis. Yet the problematic lack of any meaningful degree of depth in the novel and film seems to lie precisely with its overly schematic construction, tailored to safely weather the otherwise unpredict able market. The proscription from any domain of memorable works may be due to a major problem both in the novel and film: the ambiguous point of view adopted. The novel is geared for a transposition to the screen. It is no coincidence that the film was scripted by Niccolà ² Ammaniti, who adapted ... ...Little Boy, Don't Look Down". 6 In the novel it is told that the story of Lazarus is learned at school from the schoolteacher, Signorina Destani, p. 83. 7 In fact the entire novel is set in the first person with Michele's voice assuming the narration in the initial race held with his neighboring peers. The incipit reads: "I was just about to overtake Salvatore when I heard my sister scream." 8 207. 9 Compare pages 155-157, 201-203 of the book with the same scenes in the film. 10 The effects of a filmic memory on the written word have been reason for study/confession of contemporary novelists. See Cohen, Keith, ed. Writing in a Film Age: Essays by Contemporary Novelists. 11 See Paul Ginsborg's A History of Contemporary Italy, 383-405. 12 In the film the date 1978 appears superimposed in the opening sequence. 13 Quoted by Frank Bruni.

Costco Marketing Plan Essay

Definition & Corporate Objective Costco operates membership warehouses based on the concept which offers member low prices on a limited selection of nationally branded and selected private–label products in a large range of merchandise categories which produce high sales volumes and rapid inventory turnover. Combining the turnover with the operating efficiencies achieved via volume purchasing, efficient distribution and reduced handling of merchandise in no-frills, self-service warehouse facilities allows Costco to operate profitably at significantly lower gross margin than traditional wholesaler, mass merchandisers, supermarkets, and supercenters. Using a low cost operating model, the rapid inventory turnover rate enables Costco to offer competitive prices from bulk purchasing. 3. 2 Weaknesses Limited product choices poses as a competitive disadvantage to some consumers who prefer a seamless shopping experience. This will adversely impact the average spend of Costco consumers. 3. 3 Opportunities Due to the recent global recession, price sensitivity is the main concern for consumers. This has led to an upward trend in bulk purchasing and private label products, which in turns save on average grocery expenditure per household. In keeping overall costs low for Costco to sustain in the competitive environment, employment of junior staff on casual and part-time basis is recommended. This in turn will keep wages and salaries lower than the average retailers in general. ?Types of goods demanded: Due to increasing education of young mothers and the growing concern for health, to cater to this uprising new segment, Costco should focus on providing organic goods. 5. Statement of Key Problems and Opportunities Based on the SWOT analysis as shown above, Costco as an established brand is identified as a key strength for the company. Unfortunately, as Costco is originated from USA, upon entering the Australian market, it is an unknown brand to most consumers. This could be a potential weakness for Costco, however, after analysing the supermarket industry in Australia, it is reflected that Australian consumers are more price-sensitive rather than brand-sensitive. Given the trends in the supermarket industry i. e. increasing demand for bulk purchasing due to economies of scale, it has altered consumer’s behaviour to be less loyal to a brand and more reactive to changes in prices.

Did God Create The World or was it Created by Chance?

Many atheists argue that religious believers have blind faith ,but does it not take blind faith to believe that DNA and cells were created by chance. The DNA is too complicated to have just been created by chance. Think of the dictionary, if I told someone that I thought the dictionary was created by chance over billions of years ago you would think I was insane. Remember the second law of Thermodynamics- High Complexity equals low Entropy and Low Complexity equals high entropy. This means the more complex something is the more organised it will be. So in the beginning there was low complexity so must have meant high entropy or chaos, well then how was the earth created with such low complexity and such little apparent chaos. Also how does a DNA get created by chance if it comes from nothing. Years ago microscopes were useless and when you looked at a cell you would just see a blob. It could be easy to think that this blob came by accident. Which leads me to my second point how can something be created from nothing. In the beginning there was nothing and now according to many scientists there is everything. By everything I mean the earth and the universe. In living cells the catalysts are enzymes. In the 1980s there was another kind of enzyme found, this was the RNA molecule. The RNA molecule (which is also a carrier of genetic information and a catalyst) or ribozyme sped up the making of the basic DNA and protein. But even including this assuming a ribosome is 300 nucleotides long and every nucleotide has 4 types of different nucleotides on it the calculation would 4^300 which is a number far too great to have taken even 13 billion years to do let alone 4. 54 billion years. Other people besides creationist do not believe the Big Bang. Some people who want to deny God might say the ‘Intelligent Design Theory’ which states cells need a designer they are far too complex to have happened randomly. Think of it this way ‘Darwin’s Black Box’ which is a microscopic machine which was created to move the little flagellum a little bit took many years to create and was very complex it should be even harder to make everything else in the bacterium and to say it was created by chance would be preposterous. Opponents to Intelligent Theory Design hypothesise that there is a cluster of universes; more than our own observable universe. If our universe were one instance in a population of failed universes, then the fact that ours is fine-tuned for life would not be surprising. If this was true though and there were an infinite amount of universes then that means anything is possible. For example in one universe there could be an actual Easter Bunny living with an actual Father Christmas. So if this multiverse theory were to be true and there were many other parallel universes then that would leave an even bigger problem. Where are they? How do we know we are the ‘perfect’ planet. If this universe is fine-tuned and that is the reason why we are 19. 6 million kilometres from the sun or why gravity is not a little bit greater so the stars don’t become red-dwarfs. If they were red-dwarfs they would have been too cold to support life-bearing planets. All the rest of the planets are unfit for human life and this shows how unique the earth is which I believe must have taken a creator. Time is the creator of all things Well this is how it works we think to ourselves nothing is impossible, so the impossible become probable. The probable then becomes certain and the certain becomes reality. Spontaneous Generation is the theory that life came from inorganic materials but was proven wrong by Louis Pasteur. He wrote that you would need a parent cell to create another cell, it cannot just be formed just like that. Anyone who does believe in spontaneous generation have been deluded by their own poorly conducted experiments. Atheist prefer to hear that life came from inorganic substances instead of a creator or miracle. This makes sense because atheists believe that the universe just ‘popped’ into existence. One minute nothing, next minute everything. The earth also had to have been find tuned from the moments of its inception for it to be able to sustain life. And nothing was living in the beginning so there couldn’t have been any parent cell. This is thought of as Abiogenesis which the process by which living organisms are created from non-living things. This is obviously not true because there are no living things on earth that have come from non-living things. Why does science not know where the birds and butterflies migrate to? Why is we need maps and aids to help us fly our planes? How come a butterfly can fly to someplace it wants to get without any aid? Insects are very far down the evolutionary time scales. How does the most highly evolved life forms not have the capabilities of a simple butterfly. There are many things in nature we cannot replicate or improve upon. Things in nature are said to be the product of chance and time. Well what is time? How much does it weigh? What does it consist of? Time is not a thing. Time is a non-being. So you can add time to help you figure out the Big Bang Theory but in the end what existed first ,time or matter? Can time exist without matter? Things in nature are just too beautiful to be the outcome of a giant, random, nonsensical implosion. So according to atheists, if we leave chance and time to do its work on our computers ,will they just become the most high-flying, amazing piece of kits ever? NO, of course not. Birds can do all sorts of things,fly upside down, land on a thin piece of wire. Why can’t an aeroplane manoeuvre as well as a bird. If the bird just came by chance surely we could come with something much better than that. In 1953 Stanley Miller passed a spark through a chosen mixture of gases. What he found changed science forever. The gasses formed amino-acids. Amino acids which are the main ingredients in proteins. Proteins are what make up most of our body. In truth amino acids do link up together to form proteins but that is like saying bricks will come together to form a house . You would be missing important parts of the house like a door and a bathroom. This is the same for proteins ,they are far too complex to have been created just using amino acids. Some people also believe that there was a special protein which assembled itself by chance in a prebiotic environment. Prebiotic is the general term to refer to chemicals that induce the growth or activity of micro-organisms. Double Thinkers are also another sort of theory. It is the belief that God helped start evolution and the world. To Double Think actually means the acceptance of contrary opinions or beliefs at the same time, especially as a result of political indoctrination. In conclusion everything can’t start from one point of inception full of nothing. The Multiverse Theory is too extreme and crazy. To say that there are billions of other universes where something impossible in this universe is possible in another ,is too farcical to even consider. If we still believe in the Big Bang Theory then why is it still a theory and where does all the starting matter come from? ‘Our minds work in real time, which begins at the Big Bang and will end, if there is a Big Crunch – which seems unlikely, now, from the latest data showing accelerating expansion. Consciousness would come to an end at a singularity. ’-Stephen Hawking.

8 Types of Parenthetical Phrases

8 Types of Parenthetical Phrases 8 Types of Parenthetical Phrases 8 Types of Parenthetical Phrases By Mark Nichol A parenthetical phrase, sometimes called simply a parenthetical, is one that is not essential to the framing sentence. In the preceding sentence, the phrase â€Å"sometimes called simply a parenthetical† is itself a parenthetical because the segments of the sentence that precede and follow it can be attached to form a complete sentence without it: â€Å"A parenthetical phrase is one that is not essential to the framing sentence.† However, a parenthetical can also begin or end a sentence, and though only these three syntactical variations exist, a parenthetical can be categorized as serving one of eight functions. Here is a roster of the types, with a sentence that demonstrates each one: 1. Absolute phrase: An absolute phrase, which contains at least a noun or a pronoun and a participle but not a true verb, modifies the entire sentence: â€Å"Jane stayed up late, writing her report.† (The phrase may also begin the sentence.) 2. Appositive: In this case, the parenthetical is an appositive, a noun or noun phrase placed in opposition to another such construction that defines or modifies the first: â€Å"If you, an experienced hiker, had trouble, how hard will it be for me?† 3. Aside: An aside is a statement that is subordinated to the sentence, often denoting an ingratiating or apologetic attitude. It might also be placed within parentheses to more clearly identify it as a trivial comment or between em dashes to signal its sudden and/or unexpected impact: â€Å"Her friend, I hesitate to say, has betrayed her.† 4. Free modifier: A free modifier is an unspecialized interruption of additional information: â€Å"I stood up and, brushing off my pants, continued along my way.† 5. Interjection: An interjection imparts information about the writer’s (or speaker’s) state of mind, as in this sentence in which the interjection implies impatience or indignation: â€Å"Well, what do you have to say for yourself? 6. Introductory phrase: This element preceding the main statement provides context for the sentence: â€Å"While I was on vacation, I had an epiphany.† 7. Resumptive modifier: A resumptive modifier includes within its additional detail repetition of an adjective from the sentence: â€Å"She was exhausted, more exhausted than she had ever been before.† 8. Summative modifier: A summative modifier is one that summarizes an idea expressed in the sentence and then adds information about it: â€Å"We headed toward the summit, a goal we had anticipated accomplishing all week.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:75 Synonyms for â€Å"Angry†225 Foreign Phrases to Inspire You90 Verbs Starting with â€Å"Ex-†

Understanding Percontation Punctuation Marks

Understanding Percontation Punctuation Marks The percontation mark (also known as the punctus percontativus or  percontation  point) is a late-medieval mark of punctuation (ØŸ) used to signal the close of a rhetorical question. In rhetoric, percontatio is a type of affective (as opposed to information-seeking) question, similar to epiplexis. In The Arte of Rhetoric (1553), Thomas Wilson makes this distinction: We doo aske often-tymes, because we would knowe: we do aske also, because we woulde chide, and sette furthe our grief with more vehemencie, the one is called Interrogatio, the other is percontatio. The percontation mark was used (for a brief period of time) to identify this second type of question. Examples and Observations When punctuation was first invented by Aristophanes, librarian at Alexandria in the 4th century BC, he suggested that readers could use middle ( ·), low (.), and high points (Ë™) to punctuate writing according to the rules of rhetoric. Despite this, it took another two millennia before the eponymous rhetorical question got its own mark of punctuation. Worried that his readers would not catch such a subtle figure of speech, in the late sixteenth century the English printer Henry Denham created the percontation mark- a reversed question markto address the problem. . . .Faced with a wave of apathy, use of the percontation mark had petered out within fifty years of its birth. (Keith Houston, 8 Punctuation Marks That Are No Longer Used. Huffington Post, September 24, 2013)The percontation-mark (or punctus percontativus), the standard Arabic question mark, indicated percontations, questions open to any answer or (more loosely) rhetorical questions, in various books of c.1575-c.1625. T his usage seems to have been invented by the translator Anthonie Gilbie or his printer Henry Denham (a pioneer of the semi-colon): roman examples appear in their psalms of Dauid (1581), black letter ones in Turbervilles Tragicall Tales (1587). It didnt catch on in print because, being reversed, expensive new type was needed, but was used by scribes including Crane, who worked on Shakespeares First Folio: so how did compositors set percontation-marks present in their copy but not type-cases? One possibility is that italic or black letter question-marks amid roman type record otherwise unsettable percontation-marks. (John Lennard, The Poetry Handbook: A Guide to Reading Poetry for Pleasure and Practical Criticism. Oxford University Press, 2005) [Henry] Denham seems to have been interested in punctuation, since two of the books he published in the 1580s contain another new, but rare symbol, the percontativus . . .. This consists of a reversed, but not inverted, interrogativus and is used to mark a percontatio, i.e. a rhetorical question, one which does not require an answer. . . . For the most part 16th- and 17th-century authors and compositors either omitted to mark a percontatio, or used the interrogativus, but the percontativus does appear from time to time in the 17th century: for example, in the holographs of Robert Herrick and Thomas Middleton. (M.B. Parkes, Pause and Effect: An Introduction to the History of Punctuation. University of California Press, 1993)

Ethical & Legal Case Study Evaluation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethical & Legal Evaluation - Case Study Example There are also chances of civil liability ensuing (Guido, G. 2009). Though The Human Rights Act 1998 identifies a right to life in Article 2. A court ruling, NHS Trust A v M: NHS Trust B v H [2001, affirmed that the patient’s right to willingly refuse treatment, and whether it was in the patient’s ‘best interests’ to forgo treatment were the two key factors determine whether treatment will be foregone. The patient’s right to intentionally refuse treatment, was recognized as being both legal and not the same as suicide, this was despite the fact that the refusal would ultimately lead to the patient’s death (Chiarella 2006). Legality of Janet’s Actions Janet’s actions can be termed as being illegal because, according to NHS guidelines on the discontinuation of (LSMT), in occasion a disagreement amongst the team members, the team should sit down and consider the basis of the disagreement and try to obtain an opinion from a medical p rofessional who happens to be working in a discipline that is the same as the disagreeing member. This was clearly not followed in the case of Dr. Johnson’s disagreement with the other attending nurses (Guido, G. 2009). Janet the nurse did not consult with all the staff included in the patient’s care when she made the decision to discontinue the supply of Mrs. Jordan’s noradrenaline. This was in direct contravention of a checklist used in the ruling by Dame Elizabeth Butler-Sloss in Case: Re B (an adult: refusal of medical treatment) [2002] 2 All ER 449. One of the requirements in the checklist was that there must be adequate consultation between all the staff involved before a decision is made (McIlwraith &Madden 2006). Ethical Features Mrs. Jordan was undergoing palliative chemotherapy, for pancreatic adenocarcinoma that was in its advanced stage and there were not chances that she would recover. Her quality of life was severely hampered and her family underst ood this and wanted the Life Sustaining Medical Treatment to be discontinued. Their intentions are seen to be inline with the doctrine of double effect (Chirella 2006) Ethicality of Janet’s Actions Janet’s actions can be viewed as being ethical as supported by a court ruling, Re Conroy [1985] that upheld that a patient declining life-sustaining treatment could not be viewed as an attempt to commit suicide. The action merely allows a disease to follow its natural course. If the patient dies, it could not be termed as a self-inflicted injury but it would be considered to be the result of the underlying disease. She was not responsible for the death (Charella 2006). Legally significant Events in the Alternate Version of the Case Scenario In the second Scenario, there was sufficient consultation between the medical staff attending to Mrs. Jordan and her family before Janet was instructed to withdraw the LSMT. Hence this is perfectly legal in accordance with the Ministry of Health Guidelines (Ministry of Health). The medical professionals and members of the family were also in agreement as opposed to the first scenario where their views were divergent. Dr. Jackson also complied with Mrs. Jordan’s Advanced Care Directive which clearly stated that she did not want to receive LSMT. This is in compliance with the law as opposed to the

International Trade and finance Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Trade and finance Law - Essay Example In a number of ways, the mortgage industry also suffered, culminating in evictions, cancellations of mortgage programs in the pipeline and led to prolonged joblessness. The meltdown contributed immensely towards the closure of important corporations, decreases in buying power, and massive business losses. The ensuing chaos led to a significant slump in economy leading to recession, with lasting ramifications still being felt in Europe as evident in Euro Debt crisis. This paper critically analyses whether or not weak regulations resulted in the crisis. Many factors have been linked to the financial crisis, with differing priorities being attributed to the possible causes. There is consensus, though, that the crisis was the consequence of excessive investment in too risky, intricate financial programs1. Conflicts of interest being kept secret, the ineptitude of credit regulators, and the inability of the market to control the stock market are also other contributing factors linked to t he crisis. It is notable that the 1999 amendment of the Glass-Steagall Act by the US Congress, successfully removed the thin line which separated investment and depository financial institutions in the country. As a result, it can be argued that credit regulatory bodies and investors did not provide accurate valuation of the risks that mortgage-related pecuniary products could precipitate on the global economy. Equally, governments failed to modify their regulatory regimes to handle the current neo-modern financial economy. Studies on the origin of the meltdown have also been based on the impact of interest rate. Nonetheless, immediately after the crisis erupted, governments responded by enacting palliative pecuniary policies to control the ripple-effect on different economic sectors. These elaborate self-preservation measures such as the US Dodd-Frank regulatory reforms (2010) point to the laxity of laws as the main cause of the crisis. Poor regulations Out-dated regulatory mechani sms arguably left the financial sector to virtually regulate itself, despite the main aim of business organizations being making profit. It was difficult to verify the intentions of the many citizens who had applied for excess credit in an effort to build their families a decent home. This presumed innocence of the investors has turned the heat on bankers who approved the indiscriminate borrowings2. Banking industry has been an operating under strict laws for a very long time now; but over time and due to the growth of the global economy, the financial services industry may have been operating under lax regulatory regimes that could not handle rapid economic growth and globalization of the economy. This paper will prove that weak regulations and poor policy decisions played an important role in in events that led to the crisis. Institutional policies left oversight authorities with little to do in terms of making effective responses to crises of this magnitude. Regulations are said to have aggravated the negative impacts of the bubble in the value of homes. The laws and policy decisions that arguably contributed toward the crisis will also be considered. If not, new regulatory mechan

Mgmt Organization design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mgmt Organization design - Essay Example This gives them more experience in the work, which promotes creativity and innovativeness. Organic structure is less efficient than mechanistic structure. However, organic structure has more flexibility and employees can adapt quickly with the changes. Organic structure is most appropriate in uncertain, dynamic, and changing work environments. In addition, since the organization is decentralized and using the organic model structure, mutual adjustment is also common in the organization and plays an important role in the company. Therefore, employees are allowed to use their judgment instead of standardized rules to guide decision-making. This makes it possible to inject new synergistic ideas in the process of decision-making. Moreover, integration is working well in the company. For example, if there is any trouble, the whole staff or the employees will work together to solve and coordinate this

Growth and expansion of Arcelik Home Appliances

Growth and expansion of Arcelik Home Appliances Introduction Arcelik Home Appliances is the leading manufacturer of home appliances in Turkey with a market share of 50% in the domestic market as at 2003 (Ghemawat, 2008). It supplies the market using two brands namely Arcelik and Beko. The company has adopted an international expansion strategy and has already been marketing its products to more than one hundred (100) countries mainly in Western Europe, Eastern Europe, Latin America, Asia, and North Africa (Ghemawat, 2008). Arcelik was originally founded to produce metallic office furniture in 1955 but diversified into production of household appliances shortly after. It has been hailed as the first company to introduce appliances such as washing machines and refrigerators to the Turkish households. Arcelik would face further challenges when it became apparent that the Turkish government would be participating in the European Communitys tariff reduction which was meant to reduce to zero from 1992 to 1996 (Ghemawat, 2008). The challenge would be competition from other manufactures from the European Community who would be able to sell their products at more competitive process in the domestic market. Arcelik overcame this challenge by investing heavily in research and development thereby substantially improving the quality of their products. The company is currently the leading holder of patents in the Turkish market. This strategy cemented its market leadership in the domestic market as consumers preferred to spend a little more to obtain goods whose durability could be assured. This preference was also enhanced by Turkeys fluctuating market where inflationary forces were highly unpredictable with the greater odds being to the consumers disadvantage. Arcelik would later grow to establish its market dominance in Turkey for decades but would later face challenges that would trigger its focus on international expansion to ensure its survival and growth. Arceliks motives for international expansion The focus on international expansion by Arcelik was triggered by the economic crisis that hit Turkey in 2001. This crisis had led to soaring levels of unemployment and a significant reduction of market demand by an estimated figure of 35% (Ghemawat, 2008). This strategy mainly comprised increasing exports as well as engaging in international acquisitions. The economic crisis in Turkey must have proved to Arcelik the vulnerability of firms wholly dependent on domestic markets. Pressures from business cycles, inflation, interest rates, exchange rates and political forces are prevalent in domestic markets. On the other hand, international markets tend to be better insulated from such pressures since they will rarely apply across several countries. Economic crisis in one market would normally not be prevalent in the rest of the markets hence multinationals can ensure stability by marketing their products across many countries. Arcelik had to get a way to survive the economic crisis in 20 01 and as well ensure that future company performance was stabilized by reducing its level of vulnerability to domestic market fluctuations. Arcelik also sought to focus on international expansion in order to increase its level of production and increase its economies of scale (Ghemawat, 2008). This means that with additional production, the cost of producing each unit product becomes significantly lower hence allowing a company to make higher margins per unit or allowing them to charge lower per unit without incurring any losses. Economies of scale allow a company to remain competitive in the ever-evolving economies. To ensure that the economies of scale do not end up in accumulation of dead stock, or in the escalation of warehousing and storage costs, Arcelik would need to look to markets that would be able to support its intention of increasing the economies of scale through a larger demand. The national demand within Turkey would not be able to absorb these additional products h ence the rationale behind Turkey looking to expand international trade. The level of demand for home appliances in Europe alone is about 25% of world demand (Ghemawat, 2008). Arcelic sought to tap into this huge demand to support its competitiveness and the large levels of production occasioned by their strategy of maximizing on the economies of scale. International expansion can also be explored where a company seeks to lower its production costs by having a significant proportion of their production done from regions where the cost is lower than in the domestic market. One of the major factors of production that normally influence the decision of overseas production is labour. When considering labour, it is imperative that a company weighs between the benefits of the savings from paying the lower labour cost, the differences in the productivity of the workers between the higher wage and lower wage areas, and the transport and storage cost implications. It is also worth noting that in many cases, where the labour costs are low, other factors of production such as land would also be relatively lower. The labour cost in Western Europe is estimated to be five times that in Turkey. Labor cost in Turkey is three times that in Eastern Europe (Ghemawat, 2008). In China, it is four times lower than in Turkey. Labor productivity also varies and must be taken into account. For instance, in China, labour productivity is just half of that in Turkey. Additional transportation costs are determined by both the distance between the production facilities and the legal environments of the countries through which the products must cross to get to its intended markets. Access to international markets is crucial to any organization that seeks to expand itself. Domestic markets will often in many cases be found insufficient to support the growth targets that the companies set for themselves. They are also in many cases unable to enable an organization to recoup the investments the y may make in research and development in time. The complexity and the level of innovations in the global market is advanced and often leads to production of new and better fulfilling products. This significantly reduces the product life cycles and the companies engaging in research and development need to gain assurance that their investments can be recouped before the products lose demand. This assurance can only be found by marketing extensively in the international markets where the demand is much larger and can ably support the level of sales needed. Arcelik was motivated to focus on international markets since it had opted to distinguish itself as a research and development specialist who focused on the production of quality and durable products. These features would mean that it would need to charge relatively higher prices for the products. On the other side, the products from other European countries were finding their way into Turkey due to the zero tariff arrangement with the European countries. The entry of other products in Turkey meant that Arcelik would either have to lower their prices in order to maintain its domestic share market, or expand its operations to European and other markets in order to maintain or increase its level of sales to clients that focus more on quality, suitability and durability of the products they purchase. Arceliks options for expansion In order to realize its goal of expansion into the international markets, Arcelik has adopted a number of options to help them realize this goal. The international market entry options adopted by Arcelik include use of exports, international acquisitions, use of private label contracting, and product diversification. Organic domestic growth and use of exports Arcelik ensured growth domestically by ensuring reliable accessibility to the market using exclusive distributors and agencies who also served as centres for offering after sales services. This exclusive network also served as an entry barrier for any new market operators. Exporting entails maintaining the companys operations in the home market and selling the products in overseas markets (Giroud, Sinkovics, and Yamin, 2011). It is hailed as the least costly mode of foreign market entry but at the same time the most vulnerable to various entry barriers as government regulations. The cost effectiveness of this entry method is enhanced by the fact that it requires no involvement with the foreign governments or the companies operating in the target market. It is often seen as the best mode of entry for an organization operating on a lower scale. With subsequent growth of exports, the company may open sales agencies in the foreign markets to be the link with the companys clients overseas. By 2003, Arcelik had grown to be the leading player in Estonia and Lithuania with a market share of 25% in these two markets. It also had a commanding presence in the rest of Eastern Europe. The presence of Arceliks sales agencies helped grow significantly in Western Euro pe with a markets share of 15% in the United Kingdom. Arcelik also conducted a successful export strategy gaining a 70% market share in Romania with its Beko brand. The net effect of these exporting strategies was a significant increase in Arcetiks production capacity from 440,000 to 750,000 in 2003 and 2004 respectively (Ghemawat, 2008). International acquisitions This mode involves a company buying out another firm operating in the target market hence assuming full legal rights over it. This method is hailed as the best mode of expansion into other markets since it grants a company total control over the foreign subsidiary as well as full profits generated thereafter (Giroud, Sinkovics, and Yamin, 2011). The full control over the activities of a subsidiary is viewed as essential in ensuring they run in accordance with the philosophies of the parent company hence ensure the goals of the company are achieved as intended. The targets for acquisition would need to have the unquestionable ability to complement Arceliks growth strategies. Arcelik would also evaluate the foreign firms brands and take consideration on how these brands would help strengthen them as well as complement their capabilities. The target subsidiarys contribution to sustainable growth was also a key factor. Arceliks acquisitions in 2002 include Bloomberg, Electra, and Flavel and Leisure in Germany, Austria and the UK for the two latter brands (Ghemawat, 2008). They also acquired Arctic in Romania. The acquisitions of brands in the target markets was likely informed by the fact that many consumers tend to prefer purchasing brands that they can identify with: the brands they consider national brands. These acquisitions tremendously increased the product range offered by Arcelik and lead to its significant growth within the European markets. Use of license contracting Licensing involves the company transferring certain rights to another firm to enable it manufacture products using its brand. In licensing, the consideration that the licensor gets is only the royalty or the license fee (Giroud, Sinkovics, and Yamin, 2011). It does not take part in profit sharing or any other marketing processes of the licensee. Licensing offers the advantage of enabling a firm to avoid government regulations and other restrictive policies such as tariffs and quotas. It also enables market penetration without involving extensive capital expenditures. However, this method is highly restrictive in the level of control the company can have over the activities of the licensee. There is also the risk of the licensee gaining the technical expertise and becoming a competitor in the production of close substitutes after the expiry of the mutual arrangement. Arceliks production in 2004 comprised 40% from various licensing arrangements (Ghemawat, 2008). This complimentary effo rt helped ensure Arceliks brand presence in the Europeans markets. Diversification into other businesses within Turkey In order to enhance further growth in the domestic market, Arcelik sought to capitalize on its elaborate distribution network to provide consumers with additional products. By 2004, Arcelik was offered various types cellular phones and was already getting into arrangement with various Japanese firms to act as distributors of various electronic products. The diversification proved to be a great success and further cemented Arceliks leadership in the Turkish market. Additional Options for Expansion Arceliks ambitious goal of achieving revenues of three billion Euros in the next year may be difficult to realize unless additional methods were employed to ensure its continued growth in the international markets. Domestically, Arcelik could opt to but out local competitors in a bid to solidify its hold on the local market. This solidification would help reduce the downward pressure on its product prices by reducing the significance of competition locally. In addition, the additional channels of distribution gained through any such acquisition would act as an entry barrier to any foreign firms hence ensuring steady domestic growth. Internationally, Arcelik could embrace a number of methods to ensure its continued growth. These methods include engaging in Joint ventures, franchising and use of strategic alliances. Joint Ventures Joint ventures involve the formation of a partnership arrangement with a different company where the parent companies provide the resources to operate it, share responsibility on management, and share profits realized thereafter (Giroud, Sinkovics, and Yamin, 2011). This type of venture is especially popular where it comes to sharing the intelligence and technical knowhow required for research and development. With their determination to distinguish themselves as the masters of innovation and product development, this method can be used to ensure its rapid growth. Instead of engaging in competition with the already existing companies in the foreign market, Arcelik could identify a strategic partner who knows the market remarkably well. They could then research into the market needs in a bid to try and unveil any unsatisfied demands in the market. Having found the features lacking in the products found in the market, they could, through the joint venture develop new products that woul d suit this need and capture the unreached market. This method would be convenient to Arcelik since it would not involve many unnecessary government regulations that normally bar entry. In addition, such a venture, if well implemented would easily capture the market as it would be riding on the goodwill and distribution network of the strategic partner in the foreign market. Franchising Arcelik needs to consider franchising in order to minimize the risks involved with the licensing as it currently practices. Here, Arcelik would transfer some rights to the franchisee to produce the products under its brand but will reserve the right to provide some aspects of technical support (Giroud, Sinkovics, and Yamin, 2011). This way, Arcelik will be able to be abreast with the activities of the franchisee. In addition, in Franchising, the royalty is based on the amount of sales hence Arcelik will be able to generate higher revenues in the event the franchisor is able to realize significantly higher sales. Franchising is easy to start since the franchisor incurs minimal capital cost hence Arcelik can expand into more foreign markets with relative ease. Moreover, the franchisee assumes all the risks and foots for all costs of labour and facility establishment. The company will also be able to avoid any political risks associated with foreigners operating in national markets. Arc elik can therefore easily expand its scale of production without worrying about high capital expenditure hence edging closer to achieving the revenue targets Strategic alliances A strategic alliance differs from joint ventures in that it does not necessarily involve formation of a legal entity. Strategic alliances are formed to enable companies use each others distribution networks, technologies, production capacities, management experience and others (Giroud, Sinkovics, and Yamin, 2011). One very essential factor in ensuring product penetration in the market is the distribution network. This has been evident in the manner in which Arcelik has been able to capture the domestic market by using effective distribution networks in Turkey. Arcelik should also try to replicate this experience in the foreign markets. However, by virtue of the fact that its a foreign market, they may not have the resources to establish an effective distribution network in those markets. It would therefore be relatively more convenient to identify foreign companies with a distribution network that serves their target customers effectively, and then enter into a strategic alliance wit h them. This may be companies offering similar products or those making completely different products. When the products are easily available to the consumers, they more likely to buy these products and this would lead to an increase in the amount of sales realized by Arcelik. The strategic alliance could also involve sharing of certain technologies between the companies in question. Arcelik could choose to leave the production of a certain product components to a company with a comparative advantage in its production in exchange for providing a component which it can produce more efficiently. This exchange could lead to lowering the production cost which would be useful in helping the company become more price-competitive in the market. Conclusion Arceliks growth is mainly dependent on how the company can enter and prosper in the international markets. This is because it is already commanding the domestic market in Turkey and may have limited growth opportunities locally. Growth and diversification are often related as is evident from Arceliks company history. Arcelik has grown in the past by steadily improving on the product range that it offers to the market and this diversification should be continued to ensure continued growth.

Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin In The Sun :: essays research papers

One of the first ideas mentioned in this play, A Raisin In the Sun, is about money. The Younger's end up with no money because of Walter's obsession with it. When Walter decides not to take the extra money he is offered it helps prove Hansberry's theme. Her theme is that money can't buy happiness. This can be seen in Walter's actions throughout the play. While Mama is talking to Walter, she asks him why he always talks about money. "Mama: Oh--So now it's life. Money is life. Once upon a time freedom used to be life--now it's money. I guess the world really do change . . . Walter: No--it was always money, Mama. We just didn't know about it." Walter thinks that the world revolves around money. He wants to believe that if his family were rich they would have perfect lives. This isn't true though, and Mama knows it. She knows that no matter how much money Walter has, he will never be happy unless he has a family that loves him. Before Walter goes out to invest in the liquor store he has a talk with his son. "Walter: You wouldn't understand yet, son, but your daddy's gonna make a transaction . . . a business transaction that's going to change our lives. . . ." Walter thinks that this transaction will make their lives better. What he doesn't realize is that he already has a good life and he doesn't need more money to ma ke him happy. He should be grateful for what he has instead of worrying about money. Mama talks to Walter about her fears of the family falling apart. This is the reason she bought the house and she wants him to understand. Walter doesn't understand and gets angry. "What you need me to say you done right for? You the head of this family. You run our lives like you want to. It was your money and you did what you wanted with it. So what you need for me to say it was all right for? So you butchered up a dream of mine - you - who always talking 'bout your children's dreams..." Walter is so obsessive over money that he yells at his mom for not giving him all of it. He doesn't know that what his mom is doing is for the family. He thinks that having money will make the family happy, when in reality the family doesn't need anymore than what they have to be happy.

British Parliamentary

British parliamentary The British Parliamentary Debate Format Robert Trapp, Willamette University Yang Ge, Dalian Nationalities University A debate format consists of a description of the teams in the debate and the order and times for the speeches that make up that debate. The British Parliamentary debate format[1] differs from many other formats because it involves four teams rather than two.Two teams, called the â€Å"First Proposition† and the â€Å"Second Proposition† teams, are charged with the responsibility of supporting the proposition while two other teams, â€Å"First Opposition† and â€Å"Second Opposition,† are charged with opposing it. Two speakers represent each of the four teams and each speaker gives a speech of seven minutes. The following chart describes the basic format and time limits. As you will see from the chart, each speaker is given a unique title. British Parliamentary Debate Format Speaker |Time | |Prime Minister |7 minutes | | 1st speaker for 1st proposition: | | |Leader of Opposition |7 minutes | |1st speaker for 1st opposition: | | |Deputy Prime Minister |7 minutes | |2nd speaker for 1st proposition: | | |Deputy Leader of Opposition |7 minutes | |2nd speaker for 1st opposition: | | |Member of Government |7 minutes | |1st speaker for 2nd proposition: | | |Member of Opposition |7 minutes | |1st speaker for 2nd opposition: | | |Government Whip |7 inutes | |2nd speaker for 2nd proposition: | | |Opposition Whip |7 minutes | |2nd speaker for 2nd opposition: | | As can be seen from the table above, the first four speeches are delivered by the First Proposition and the First Opposition teams then the last four speeches are delivered by the Second Proposition and Second Opposition teams. Therefore, the First Proposition and First Opposition teams generally are responsible for the first half of the debate and the Second Proposition and Second Opposition teams have the responsibility for the second half.The table above describes all of the formal speeches but it does not describe one of the most important and dynamic parts of the debate: points of information. Points of information provide opportunities for members of each team to interact with members of the teams defending the opposite side of the motion[2]. Points of information can be requested after the first minute of a speech and prior to the last minute of the speech. The first and last minute of each speech is â€Å"protected† against interruption. The point of information can last no more than fifteen seconds and may take the form of a question, a statement, or an argument. Only a debater defending the opposite side of the proposition as the speaker can request a point of information.In other words, the debaters for the proposition can request points of information of members of the opposition teams and vice versa. To request a point of information, a debater rises and politely says something like â€Å"point of information please,† or â€Å"on that point. † The debater giving the speech has the authority to accept or to refuse the request for a point of information. In general, debaters should accept a minimum of two points during their speech so that the judges and the audience will know they are able to answer points quickly and directly. Accepting more than one or two points is not advisable because to do so may have the effect of disrupting the speech.To refuse a point of information, the debater may say something like â€Å"No thank you† or â€Å"not at this time,† or may simply use a hand gesture to indicate the person should take return to their seat. If the request for a point of information is accepted, the person who has requested the point has a maximum of fifteen seconds to make the point. As stated earlier, the point can be a question, a statement, or an argument. Sometimes points of information are made to force an opponent to clarify a position but more commo nly, they are made to attempt to undermine an argument being made by the speaker. After accepting a point of information, the speaker should answer the question directly.The person offering the point of information is not allowed to follow-up with additional questions. Points of information are among the most important and most interesting parts of British Parliamentary debate because they introduce an element of spontaneity to the debate and give each debater the chance to demonstrate critical thinking skills. Although points of information are a common occurrence in every speech in the debate, each speech contains elements that are unique to that speech. The following table explains the basic responsibilities of each speaker in British Parliamentary debate. Following the table is a fuller explanation of the responsibilities of each speech. Speaker Responsibilities for British Parliamentary Debate Speaker |Speaker Responsibilities | |Prime Minister |Defines and interprets the moti on | |1st speaker for 1st proposition: |Develops the case for the proposition | |Leader of Opposition |Accepts the definition of the motion | |1st speaker for 1st opposition: |Refutes the case of the 1st proposition | | |Constructs one or more arguments against the Prime Minister’s interpretation of the | | |motion. |Deputy Prime Minister |Refutes the case of the 1st opposition | |2nd speaker for 1st proposition: |Rebuilds the case of the 1st proposition | | |May add new arguments to the case of the 1st proposition | |Deputy Leader of Opposition 2nd speaker for 1st |Continues refutation of case of 1st proposition | |opposition: |Rebuilds arguments of the 1st opposition | | |May add new arguments to the case of the 1st opposition | |Member of Government |Defends the general direction and case of the 1st proposition | |1st speaker for 2nd proposition: |Continues refutation of 1st opposition team | | |Develops a new argument that is different from but consistent with the case o f the | | |1st proposition (sometimes called an extension). | |Member of Opposition |Defends the general direction taken by the 1st opposition. |1st speaker for 2nd opposition: |Continues general refutation of 1st proposition case | | |Provides more specific refutation of 2nd opposition | | |Provides new opposition arguments | |Government Whip |Summarizes the entire debate from the point of view of the proposition, defending the| |2nd speaker for 2nd proposition: |general view point of both proposition teams with a special eye toward the case of | | |the 2nd proposition | | |Does not provide new arguments. |Opposition Whip |Summarizes the entire debate from the point of view of the opposition, defending the | |2nd speaker for 2nd opposition: |general view point of both opposition teams with a special eye toward the case of the| | |2nd opposition | | |Does not provide new arguments. | The following sections briefly describe the speeches given by each of the eight speakers listed in the previous table. These are very brief descriptions that will be expanded in later chapters. Prime Minister The debate begins with a seven-minute speech by the Prime Minister.The Prime Minister has two basic responsibilities: to define and interpret the motion and to develop the case for the proposition. The first of these responsibilities is to define and interpret the motion for debate. The definition and interpretation is particularly important because it sets the stage for the entire debate. Remember, the Prime Minster has the right to define the motion and the responsibility to do so in a reasonable fashion. Therefore, if the Prime Minister’s interpretation is a poor one, the likely result will be a poor debate. In order to properly define and interpret the proposition, the Prime Minster should do the following: 1)Define any ambiguous terms in the proposition. )Show how these definitions are reasonable ones. 3)Outline a model that will be used by all teams in advancing the debate. More will be said about these three points in Chapter 5 on constructing a case for the proposition. The second responsibility of the Prime Minister is to construct a case for the proposition. Simply stated, a â€Å"case† consists of one or more arguments supporting the Prime Minister’s interpretation of the motion. Therefore, the Prime Minister will outline the arguments supporting the interpretation and begin to develop each of those arguments. The Prime Minister need not present all of the arguments for the First Proposition team.In many cases, the Prime Minister will state that the First Proposition team will have a certain number of arguments and that some will be presented in this speech and the Deputy Prime Minister will present the rest. Leader of the Opposition The Leader of the Opposition has three primary responsibilities: to accept the definition and interpretation of the proposition, to refute part or all of the Prime Minister’s case, an d to present one or more arguments in opposition to the Prime Minister’s interpretation of the motion. First, in most ordinary situations, the Leader of the Opposition should explicitly accept the definition and interpretation of the motion as presented by the Prime Minister.In extraordinary cases, when the definition is completely unreasonable as to preclude meaningful debate, the Leader of the Opposition has the right to reject the definition. The problem with rejecting the definition is that such an action will ultimately lead to a very bad debate and the First Opposition team likely will get the blame. Therefore, even in the event of an unreasonable definition, the Leader of the Opposition should point out to the judge and the audience that the definition and interpretation presented by the Prime Minister is unreasonable and then should go ahead and accept the definition for the purposes of the current debate.Second, the Leader of the Opposition should refute part or all of the Prime Minister’s arguments for the motion. Because of the limits of time, the Leader of Opposition cannot reasonably expect to refute all of the Prime Minister’s arguments. The proper goal is to select and refute the most important arguments presented by the Prime Minister. Finally, the Leader of the Opposition should present one, two, or three arguments directed against the Prime Minister’s interpretation of the motion. These arguments are different from those arguments offered in refutation. They should consist of the most persuasive reasons that the Leader of the Opposition can present to convince the audience to reject the proposition. Deputy Prime MinisterThe Deputy Prime Minister has three primary obligations: to defend the case presented by the Prime Minister, to refute any independent arguments presented by the Leader of the Opposition, and to add one or more arguments to the case presented by the Prime Minister. First, the Deputy Prime Minister d efends the case presented by the Prime Minister by engaging any refutation presented against the case by the Leader of the Opposition. This task needs to be accomplished in a very systematic fashion. The Deputy should take up the Prime Minister’s argument one by one and defend each argument against any refutation by the Leader of the Opposition. Thus, at the end of this section of the Deputy’s speech, the audience should see that the case originally presented by the Prime Minister still stands as strongly as it did when initially presented.Second, the Deputy Prime Minister should refute any of the independent argument presented by the Leader of the Opposition. Like the Leader of Opposition, the Deputy should not try to refute all arguments, just the most important ones. Finally, the Deputy Prime Minster should add one or two arguments to the case presented by the Prime Minister. The reasons for adding new arguments in this speech are two-fold: First, the Prime Minister may not have had adequate time to develop all of the arguments that the First Proposition team wishes to present and second, presenting these additional arguments gives the judges and audience a way to judge the ability of the Deputy Prime Minister with respect to the ability to construct arguments. Deputy Leader of the OppositionThe duties of the Deputy Leader of the Opposition are similar to those of the Deputy Prime Minister. The Deputy Leader should 1) defend the refutation offered by the Leader of Opposition, 2) defend the arguments offered by the Leader of the Opposition, and 3) add one or more new arguments to those being offered by the First Proposition team. First, the Deputy Leader should defend the refutation offered by the Leader of the Opposition. The Deputy Prime Minister will have engaged the refutation presented by the Leader of Opposition. At this time, the Deputy Leader needs to show that the original refutation is still sound. Second, the Deputy Leader should def end the arguments presented by the Leader of the Opposition.The task of the Deputy Leader is to make sure that these arguments still stand firm in the mind of the judges and audience. To do so, the Deputy leader needs to consider each argument one by one, engage any refutation offered by the Deputy Prime Minister, and therefore rebuild each argument. Third, the Deputy Leader should present one or more arguments against the proposition. These arguments can be similar to those arguments raised by the Leader of the Opposition, yet they should be new ones to give the judges and audience the ability to judge the Deputy Leader’s argument construction skills. Member of Government The Member of Government initiates the second half of the debate.The Member of Government needs to defend the general direction taken by the First Proposition team but needs to offer a new perspective from the Second Proposition team. In other words, the Member of Government needs to defend the thesis of th e First Proposition team while doing so for different reasons. The obligations of the Member of Government can be summarized as follows: 1) Defend the general perspective of the First Proposition team, 2) Continue refuting arguments made by the First Opposition team, 3) Develop one or more new arguments that are different from but consistent with the case offered by the First Proposition team. The first responsibility of the Member of the Government is to defend the general direction of the debate as started by the First Proposition team.In so doing, the Member of Government demonstrates a sense of loyalty to the other debaters defending the proposition. This part of the Member’s speech is important but need not be time consuming. One or two minutes devoted to this aspect of the speech will probably be sufficient. Second, the Member of Government should continue refuting arguments made by the First Opposition team. The Member of Government should not use the same refutation a s provided by debaters of the First Proposition team, but should introduce new points of refutation unique to the Second Government team. To the extent possible, the refutation should focus on the arguments presented by the Deputy Leader of the Proposition.Finally, the Member of Government should develop one or more arguments that are different from but consistent with the arguments offered by the Prime Minister. These new arguments sometimes are referred to as an â€Å"extension. † This extension is one of the most important elements of the Member of Government’s case as it provides an opportunity to distinguish the Second Proposition team from the First Proposition while simultaneously remaining consistent with their overall approach. Member of Opposition The Member of Opposition begins the second half of the debate for the Opposition side. Like the Second Proposition team, the goal of the Second Opposition team is to remain consistent with the First Opposition team while presenting a unique perspective of their own. To accomplish this goal, theMember of Opposition needs to fulfill three obligations: 1) Defend the general direction taken by the First Opposition team, 2) Continue the refutation of the case as presented by the First Proposition, 3) Provide more specific refutation of the arguments introduced by the Member of Government, and 4) Present one or more new arguments that are consistent with, yet different from, those presented by the First Opposition team. First, the Member of Opposition should defend the general perspective taken by the First Opposition team. This need not be a time-consuming enterprise, but the Member of Opposition should make clear that the Second Opposition team is being loyal to the arguments of the First Opposition team.Second, the Member of Opposition should briefly continue the refutation of the case presented by the First Proposition team. Again, this continued refutation should be brief and should involve new points of refutation not yet considered by members of the First Opposition team. Third, the Member of Opposition should present more specific refutation of the arguments introduced by the Member of Government. Refutation of the Member of Government’s arguments is an important task because these are completely new arguments supporting the proposition side and have not yet been joined by the opposition side. Finally, the Member of Opposition should present an extension—an argument consistent with, yet different from that presented by the First Opposition team.Like the Government’s extension, this is an important responsibility of the Member of Opposition because it allows the Second Opposition team to show its loyalty to the First Opposition team while clearly differentiating themselves form the First Opposition. Government Whip The whip speakers for both teams have the responsibility to close the debate for their respective sides. The Government Whip should acco mplish three goals: 1) Refute the extension offered by the Member of Opposition, 2) Defend the extension offered by the Member of Government, and 3) Summarize the debate from the perspective of the Proposition side. The first responsibility of the Government Whip is to refute the extension offered by the Member of Opposition. This extension has yet to be discussed by the Proposition team and doing so is an important responsibility of the Government Whip.Second, the Government Whip should defend the extension offered by the Member of Government. The Member of Government’s extension is a very important party of the Second Government’s case and in all likelihood has been refuted by the Member of Opposition. Therefore, defending this extension is an important responsibility of the Government Whip. The final, and perhaps most important responsibility of the Government Whip is to summarize the debate from the perspective of the Proposition side. The summary may be accomplish ed in a number of ways. One of the most effective ways is to identify the most crucial issues in the debate and discuss how each side has dealt with each.The summary should, of course, be made from their side’s perspective while being and appearing to be fair-minded. Similarly, the summary should be fair to the First Proposition team but should focus on the arguments pursued by the Second Proposition team. Opposition Whip The responsibilities of the Opposition Whip are almost identical to those of the Government Whip except they are accomplished from the perspective of the Opposition side rather than from the Proposition side. Again, the Opposition Whip should 1) Refute the extension offered by the Member of Government, 2) Defend the extension offered by the Member of Opposition, and 3) Summarize the debate from the perspective of the Opposition side.The details of this speech are exactly like those of the previous speech except that they focus on the Opposition side of the d ebate rather than the Proposition side. Once again, the primary goal of this speech is to summarize the debate from the perspective of the Opposition side, particularly from the point of view of the Second Opposition team. This summary should fairly support the Opposition side of the debate while focusing on the accomplishments of the Second Opposition team. Summary This then is the basic format of British Parliamentary debating: four teams of two persons each engage one another through a series of seven-minute speeches interspersed by points of information.The teams from each side attempt to maintain loyalty with one another while simultaneously demonstrating the unique qualities of their own arguments. Much has been introduced here that was not fully developed. Later chapters will further explore issues only mentioned here, issues such as case construction, opposition arguments, points of information, refutation and many others. ——————â₠¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ [1] British Parliamentary debate sometimes is referred to as Worlds-style debate or simply four-team debate. [2] The topic for the debate is called the motion, proposition, resolution, or sometimes just the debate topic. All of these words are used interchangeably.